Osmotic balance and respiration in the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus, exposed to fluctuating salinities

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra E. Shumway
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Osmotic Balance ◽  
Pagurus Bernhardus

Specimens of Pagurus bernhardus (with and without shells) were exposed to both gradual (sinusoidal) and abrupt (square-wave) salinity fluctuations and changes in haemolymph osmolality, tissue water content and oxygen consumption monitored. Oxygen consumption was also monitored under steady-state conditions; under these conditions there was no significant difference between the rate of oxygen consumption by animals with shells and animals without shells. Oxygen consumption was found to vary with body weight according to the equation O2 consumption = 0·292 W0·668. During exposure to fluctuating salinities the crabs with shells were seen to increase loco-motory activity when the external medium declined to approximately 75% sea water. Haemolymph osmolality values followed the same pattern of change as the external medium; the haemolymph of crabs without shells became significantly more dilute during exposure to low salinity than did that of crabs with shells. P. bernhardus showed significant increases and decreases in hydration level as salinities fell and rose respectively. Crabs with shells showed a marked temporary increase in oxygen consumption when the external medium declined to approximately 75% sea water; crabs without shells showed no such response. The importance of the shell as a means of protection against dilute media is discussed.

The opening response of mussels (Mytilus edulis) exposed to rising sea-water concentrations

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Medium Exchange ◽  
Mantle Edge

When exposed to water of low salinity specimens of Mytilus edulis L. keep their shell valves tightly closed; they do not gape periodically to test the external medium. Exchange of salts and water between the mantle cavity and the environment is thus minimized. Rising salinities are registered by diffusion of salts to the tentaculate portion of the inhalent siphon and not to any other portion of the mantle edge or to any more deeply located structures.

scholarly journals Aedes Aegypti: Energetics of Osmoregulation

1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.A. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Minimum Energy Cost ◽  
Anal Papillae ◽  
Theoretical Minimum

1. Oxygen consumption of A. aegypti larvae, about 210 mul l g−1 tissue wet weight h−1, does not change when the salinity of the environment is changed. The number of mitochondria in the anal papillae, a salt-absorbing epithelium, increases as the external medium is diluted. There is no difference in oxygen consumption between isolated anal papillae in 0, 2 and 20% sea water. The papillae represent about 5% of body volume and their oxygen consumption is about 2% of the animal's total. The theoretical minimum energy cost of osmoregulation is four orders of magnitude smaller than the measured figure for the anal papillae alone. Osmoregulatory phenomena which would explain the recorded observations are discussed.

The Oxygen Consumption of Flies During Flight

1940 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. DAVIS ◽  
G. FRAENKEL
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Lucilia Sericata ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight

A method is described by which the oxygen uptake of the blow-fly, Lucilia sericata Mg., was measured during flight manometrically in a Warburg and in a Barcroft type of apparatus. The average oxygen consumption in air for all the flies used was 95·580 c.c. per g. wet weight per hour. When flying in pure oxygen the rate of oxygen consumption showed no significant difference; in oxygen-nitrogen mixtures, containing 10 and 5% oxygen, the rate was considerably less than in air.

The Respiratory Physiology of the Marine Nematodes Enoplus Brevis (Bastian) and E. Communis (Bastian)

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-274
Author(s):  
H. J. ATKINSON
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Marine Nematodes ◽  
Oxygen Regime ◽  
Lower Oxygen ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Tensions ◽  
Oxygen Requirements

1. The rate of oxygen consumption of individual male Enoplus brevis and E. communis was measured at 15 °C, after altering the oxygen regime experienced since the animals were collected. 2. When both E. brevis and E. communis were transferred to 35 Torr from atmospheric oxygen tensions, their oxygen consumption was only two-thirds of that of individuals maintained at this lower oxygen tension. 3. The rate of oxygen consumption of the two species at 135 Torr was unaltered by exposure for 2 h to oxygen-free sea water. 4. The results are discussed in relation to the overall influence of fluctuating oxygen regimes on the oxygen requirements of nematodes.

The responses of Scrobicularia plana (da Costa) to osmotic pressure changes

1957 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. H. Freeman ◽  
F. H. Rigler
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Scrobicularia Plana ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pressure Changes

The osmotic pressure of the blood of Scrobicularia plana has been measured when the animal is exposed to diluted sea water, and observations made on the behaviour of the animal when exposed to solutions of different osmotic pressure.The blood osmotic pressure shows no significant difference to that of the external medium except in very low salinities. The external medium with which an animal in its natural habitat comes into equilibrium is represented by the water above the mud rather than the water contained in the mud. Open animals equilibrate to 80% sea water in 4–5 h and to 60% sea water in 5–6 h. The osmotic pressure of the blood of animals that remain closed in dilute media is decreased by as little as 1·5% per hour.

scholarly journals Oxygen Consumption as a Function of Size and Salinity in Metapenaeus monoceros Fab. From Marine and Brackish-Water Environments

1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-313
Author(s):  
KANDULA PAMPAPATHI RAO
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Regression Coefficient ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Osmotic Adaptation ◽  
Metapenaeus Monoceros ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Two Populations

1. The oxygen consumption in relation to the salinity of the medium has been studied in a marine and a brackish-water population of the prawn, Metapenaeus monoceros Fab. 2. It has been shown that the regression coefficient of oxygen consumption against weight is not the same for media of different salinity and for the two populations. 3. In both the groups of prawns an increase in the oxygen consumption was observed, with a decrease in the salinity of the medium below that of the habitat. But the marine prawns showed higher rates in 50 and 25% sea water compared to the brackish-water prawns. On the other hand, the brackish-water prawns exhibited a higher rate of oxygen consumption in 100% sea water and in tap water. 4. It is suggested that these differences might be due to (i) an osmotic adaptation, and (ii) the operation of a metabolic homoeostatic mechanism in relation to osmotic regulation.

scholarly journals The Respiratory Rate of Gammarus chevreuxi in Relation to Differences in Salinity

1935 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
OTTO LÖWENSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

1. The rate of oxygen uptake was studied in the brackish water amphipod Gammarus chevreuxi in water of different salinities (25 per cent, sea water and sea water). The respiratory rate was found to be approximately 20 per cent, lower in sea water than in 25 per cent, sea water which is a concentration occurring in the natural habitat. Anaesthetised animals showed the same percentage decrease as unanaesthetised animals. 2. The change in oxygen consumption takes place immediately after the transfer and remains constant thereafter. It is completely reversible. 3. A comparison with the unanaesthetised respiratory rates of the related freshwater species G. pulex and marine G. marinus shows that the rate of oxygen consumption of the brackish water form G. chevreuxi in 25 per cent, sea water lies between the two others.

Oxygen Consumption of the Euryhaline Fish Aholehole (Kuhlia sandvicensis) with Reference to Salinity, Swimming, and Food Consumption

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Muir ◽  
A. J. Niimi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Daily Ration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fish Weight ◽  
The Difference

Active and standard metabolism of Kuhlia sandvicensis increase with fish weight to a power of about 0.8 and active is nine times standard. No significant difference was found between experiments in fresh water and 30‰ sea water at 23 C. At low swimming speeds the fish may be unable to physically take up as much oxygen as at higher speeds. Swimming activity may be essential to circulatory adequacy.Elevated oxygen consumption lasted for 42 hr following a ration of 2.3% of body weight and for 60 hr after one of 4.5%. It amounted to about 76 mg O2/g ration, equivalent to about 16% of the energy of the ration, in both cases. For a nonswimming fish the highest oxygen consumption observed following the maximum daily ration is no more than half of the difference between active and standard rates.

Estimation of the rate of oxygen consumption of the common eider duck (Somateria mollissima), with some measurements of heart rate during voluntary dives

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (18) ◽  
pp. 2819-2832 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Hawkins ◽  
P.J. Butler ◽  
A.J. Woakes ◽  
J.R. Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Common Eider ◽  
Somateria Mollissima ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Common

The relationship between heart rate (f(H)) and rate of oxygen consumption (V(O2)) was established for a marine diving bird, the common eider duck (Somateria mollissima), during steady-state swimming and running exercise. Both variables increased exponentially with speed during swimming and in a linear fashion during running. Eleven linear regressions of V(O2) (ml kg(−1)min(−1)) on f(H) (beats min(−1)) were obtained: five by swimming and six by running the birds. The common regression was described by V(O2)=10.1 + 0.15f(H) (r(2)=0.46, N=272, P<0.0001). The accuracy of this relationship for predicting mean V(O2) was determined for a group of six birds by recording f(H) continuously over a 2-day period and comparing estimated V(O2) obtained using the common regression with (i) V(O2) estimated using the doubly labelled water technique (DLW) and (ii) V(O2) measured using respirometry. A two-pool model produced the most accurate estimated V(O2) using DLW. Because of individual variability within mean values of V(O2) estimated using both techniques, there was no significant difference between mean V(O2) estimated using f(H) or DLW and measured V(O2) values (P>0.2), although individual errors were substantially less when f(H) was used rather than DLW to estimate V(O2). Both techniques are, however, only suitable for estimating mean V(O2) for a group of animals, not for individuals.Heart rate and behaviour were monitored during a bout of 63 voluntary dives by one female bird in an indoor tank 1.7 m deep. Tachycardia occurred both in anticipation of and following each dive. Heart rate decreased before submersion but was above resting values for the whole of the dive cycle. Mean f(H) at mean dive duration was significantly greater than f(H) while swimming at maximum sustainable surface speeds. Heart rate was used to estimate mean V(O2) during the dive cycle and to predict aerobic dive limit (ADL) for shallow dives.

The magnitude of noradrenaline-induced thermogenesis in the bat (Myotis lucifugus) and its relation to arousal from hibernation

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 713-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
Maximal Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Very High

The effect of subcutaneously injected noradrenaline upon the rate of oxygen consumption of bats (Myotis lucifugus) has been evaluated. Maximal responses were obtained with doses between 2 and 15 mg noradrenaline/kg. These doses increased the oxygen consumption to a mean of 7.93 ml O2/g per h from a pretreatment mean of 0.75 ml O2/g per h, representing a 10.6-fold increase. A survey of the literature shows that the magnitude of this response exceeds by several times the magnitude of response observed for any other species. There was no significant difference between the responses of nonhibernated and hibernated bats. The maximal rate of thermogenesis during arousal from hibernation was a mean of 10.57 ml O2/g per h. In comparison with this value, the maximum noradrenaline-induced thermogenesis of hibernated bats was 8.62 ml O2/g per h. This provides an estimate (81.6%) of the involvement of noradrenaline-induced thermogenesis in the process of arousal from hibernation. These findings corroborate previously reported evidence that hibernating bats exhibit a very high capacity for nonshivering heat production.

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