Land Ownership and Economic Prospects of Malayan Peasants

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Ho
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Modern Economic

In Malaya, as in many underdeveloped nations, problems of the peasantry form a source of continual anxiety. One of the most intractable of these was described by the Malayan Government as ‘the unsatisfactory situation [of] overcrowding on the land and the frustration of ambitions to acquire land.’ How this situation has come about is the initial concern of this paper, which explores the historical record of agricultural development and land ownership in one area of western Malaya. By tracing changes that have taken place since 1890, it is hoped to demonstrate how and at what rates limited resources of land have become partitioned among increasing numbers of people, a process that, being the very antithesis of development, has been termed ‘agricultural involution’ by Geertz. The information is then supplemented with modern records from other areas to show typical features of ownership in the Malayan peasant sector of today. The findings suggest how traditional Malay society has responded to modern economic pressures, and may generate practical methods for dealing with some of the problems facing development planners today.

Economics and Natural Science: Prospects for Interaction

2018 ◽  
pp. 40-58
Author(s):  
Varvara Rogozhnikova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Material System ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
The Subject

Modern economic science studies the behavior of an individual making choice in conditions of limited resources, and seeking to satisfy his own interests as a result of this choice. Economics is a social science as it studies the behavior of an individual which involves the interests of other people and communities. Economics is close to natural sciences as it considers the behavior of an individual in a material world of limited resources. Besides, a human being may be considered as a material system in which there are certain biological processes influencing its behavior. The question of how fully can economics use methodological assumptions of natural sciences, is sharply debatable. The author's position is that the cooperation between economics and natural sciences has both objective grounds and objective problems. In any case, economics is not a natural science, and the natural sciences shouldn't have a priority in this dialogue. It is only a new stage in self-reflection of different sciences. The importance of this research is defined by the need of studying the scientific status of economics and the prospects of its development in terms of the subject and methodology.

Institutional inefficiency: small farms starve India’s economy

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Watts ◽  
Molly Woodruff
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Scale Economies ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine differences in property institutions in the USA and India and their effects on agricultural productivity. Design/methodology/approach This paper undertakes a case study of industrial organization of agriculture, comparing agricultural development in the USA and India, with a focus on changes in farm size over time. Findings In the USA, unlimited individual land ownership has enabled the gradual, long-term development of scale economies in agriculture through the application of capital and technology. In contrast, land reforms in India, especially land ceilings that limit farm size, have stunted productivity growth in agriculture by limiting achievement of scale economies and capital formation. Practical implications The finding that India’s consistently meager agricultural productivity stems largely from legal limitations on land ownership indicates that reforms that create a US-style open-ended land ownership structure would greatly increase farm productivity and total crop output in India. Originality/value This paper presents a side-by-side analysis of the USA and India and their radically different paths of agricultural development over time, and connects these divergent outcomes directly to the underlying institutional framework of property rights. Moreover, the paper analyzes the prospects for pro-market reform in light of public choice political economy, specifically applying Tullock’s insights regarding the “transitional gains trap.”

scholarly journals METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF BUDDHISM AS AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH IN MODERN ECONOMIC THEORY

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Daria Pokaninova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Methodological Principle ◽  
Neoclassical Economics ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Alternative Theories ◽  
Four Noble Truths

The article discusses the provisions of Buddhist economics as an alternative approach in modern economic theory. These provisions are derived from the basic doctrines of Buddhism such as the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. The article also contains a comparison of Buddhist economics and neoclassical economics, which leads to the conclusion that Buddhist economics pays more attention to the issues of limited resources, accounting for non-economic factors of economic behavior, improving the welfare of society and externalities. These factors are relevant for the modern economics and are also considered by representatives of other alternative theories.

The Legacy of the ICTY

2020 ◽  
pp. 462-477
Author(s):  
Jennifer Trahan ◽  
Iva Vukušić
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
International Criminal Tribunal ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Robust Model ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Clear Communication ◽  
Atrocity Crimes

The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has made significant contributions to justice, peace, and security, and creating an historical record about the violence that victimized hundreds of thousands of people during the 1990s. Yet, it has also given us a robust model for adjudicating large-scale atrocity crimes through its three-tiered approach to justice. This chapter focuses on Bosnia and Herzegovina where the ICTY’s impact on local proceedings was most significant and analyses the ways in which the Tribunal provided a roadmap for similar contexts in the future. By examining benchmarks for success, Trahan and Vukušić outline how success can be understood, measured, and increased in these complex contexts where there is a great need for justice but limited resources. They also examine how positive outcomes can be supported through case prioritization, clear communication, the setting of realistic expectations, and cooperation with other jurisdictions.

scholarly journals Linking Land Use Choice with Land Access in Nigerian Agrarian Communities

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egbe B. Etowa ◽  
Emmanuel D. Nwiido
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Land Access ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Agrarian Communities ◽  
Study Population

The article provides overview of land use decisions in the face of numerous bottlenecks within Nigerian agrarian population. Using a case study, the effects of access to land on land use choice were analysed. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select 104 respondents from 13 communities in Odukpani, Nigeria. A logistic regression model was specified to achieve the analyses. The result of the model was preceded by socio-demographic statistics of the study population. It was found that majority (92.3 per cent) of those with access to land had ownership rights, while 7.7 per cent had only land use rights. However, most (68.5 per cent) of them accessed 0.9 or less hectare of land, only 2.2 per cent had access to up to one or more hectare of land. Land was mainly devoted to agriculture in Odukpani. The logistic regression analyses showed that the size of land accessed has no significant effect on how it is used. However, having land ownership right is 0.1641 times likely to favour land use principally for agriculture than only having land use right. Conversely, having only land use right was 1/0.1641 (or 6.0939) times more likely to cause land use for agriculture than having land ownership right. Interestingly, a unit increase in perceived educational constraint increased the probability of land use for agriculture by 10.9133 times. Similarly, access to credit increased the probability of land use for agriculture by 23.5003 times, while short payback period of the loan received had a retarding effect on land use for agriculture by 0.1763 times. Psychometric scale scores showed that the cost of land (3.97), increase in land speculation (3.79) and conflict of interests by landlord (3.75) were the top three perceived constraints to accessing land in the study population. The study recommends agricultural development policies directed in favour of land access and with a view to tackling the identified constraints.

scholarly journals Agricultural work on the sacred lands of Attica IV B.C. according to epigraphica

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-285
Author(s):  
Elena Vladimirovna Bulycheva
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Special Care ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
Sacred Land ◽  
Sacred Lands ◽  
Analysis And Study

This article deals with the issue of carrying out agricultural work on the sacred lands of ancient Attica (Athens region) in the IV century B.C. The author relies on epigraphic sources, which are inscriptions on stone steles containing texts of lease agreements on sacred lands of the IV century B.C, and also uses information from ancient authors. The author also attracts scientific works of domestic and foreign authors devoted to the problem of agrarian relations in the ancient Greek polis. According to the author, the analysis and study of agricultural work on the territory of the sacred lands of Attica deserves a separate article, since the study of this issue makes it possible to more thoroughly consider agricultural relations in the Athenian polis of the IV century B.C, to present the meaning of sacred land ownership. In the first part of the article, the author analyzes the types and nature of agricultural work on sacred lands (temenos). The second part is devoted to the problem of responsibility of tenants and landlords for the performance of work on the territory of temenos. As a result, the author comes to certain conclusions. In the fourth century B.C, the sacred lands of Attica required special care after the end of the devastating actions of the Peloponnesian War. The temenos were at the disposal of the polis, with demes and religious unions as their landlords. The leasing of land made it possible to ensure the stable preservation of the land fund, to ensure the agricultural development of the temenos. Tenants (private individuals) were required to provide careful care for the leased land. At the same time, the author draws attention to the fact that in some cases the tenants were very well-known, wealthy citizens of the polis, for whom participation in the lease of sacred lands was a kind of liturgy. In such cases, it is difficult to determine who performed agricultural work on the leased land, most likely, it was special employees, whose work was paid by the tenant. At the same time, according to the epigraphica, there was no sublease.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Cocoa Certification Program in Polewali Mandar Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Fitriani Herman
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Certification Program ◽  
The Third ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Cocoa Production

One of the agricultural development income is through agribusiness activities oriented to increasing competitiveness and sustainable economic development of the community, which is carried out within the framework of autonomy to strengthen the regional economy. Cocoa is a strategic commodity in case, firstly, Indonesia is the number two cocoa producer in the world after Ivory Coast, with production of 809,586 tons in 2012. In 2012, this commodity has contributed foreign exchange of US $ 1.1 billion, which is the third foreign exchange earnings spread after oil palm and rubber. Secondly, this product involves 95% of smallholder farmers with increased land ownership of 0.5-2 ha. Thus, the development of the cocoa business will directly or indirectly affect the microeconomics. This study aims to determine the performance and the level of satisfaction of the cocoa certification program in one of cocoa production center in Polewali Mandar. This study uses Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). The results of this study indicate that the achievement of the performance of the cocoa certification program has been running quite well, but there are still some that have not worked optimally where the level of satisfaction of the cocoa certification program that 78.03% are satisfied with the program's performance cocoa certification and 21.97% farmers were not satisfied with the performance of the cocoa certification program carried out in Polewali Mandar.

scholarly journals REVIEW : PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI GREENHOUSE DAN HIDROPONIK SEBAGAI SOLUSI MENGHADAPI PERUBAHAN IKLIM DALAM BUDIDAYA TANAMAN HORTIKULTURA

BUANA SAINS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Edi Tando
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Factor ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
Utilization Of Technology ◽  
Optimum Position ◽  
Food Needs

Horticulture plant is essential component of agricultural development. It brings benefits products horticulture meet their food needs , aesthetic and to maintain health and environment. Climate change and the limited resources land causing loss for farmers food crops and horticulture. The purpose of drafting this paper is to inform the utilization of technology greenhouse and hydroponics as solutions to deal with climate change in the cultivation of plants horticulture. To get the result harvest season which is satisfying in the cultivation of plants horticulture , need to pay attention to environmental factor growing plants. The utilization of greenhouse in the cultivation of plants is one of a manner to give the environment that were more accessible for the condition of optimum position for the growth of plants. The use of hydroponics in cultivation crop can be implemented in greenhouse to keep the growth of plants optimally and protected from outside influences

Practical Resources for Provision of Services to Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Users of AAC

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Elena Dukhovny ◽  
E. Betsy Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Culturally And Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Flexible Systems ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Provision Of Services

According to the 2010 U.S. Census, over 20% of Americans speak a language other than English in the home, with Spanish, Chinese, and French being the languages most commonly spoken, aside from English. However, few augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems offer multilingual support for individuals with limited functional speech. There has been much discussion in the AAC community about best practices in AAC system design and intervention strategies, but limited resources exist to help us provide robust, flexible systems for users who speak languages other than English. We must provide services that take into consideration the unique needs of culturally and linguistically diverse users of AAC and help them reach their full communication potential. This article outlines basic guidelines for best practices in AAC design and selection, and presents practical applications of these best practices to multilingual/multicultural clients.

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