The Action of Acriflavine upon Bodo caudatus

1. A study has been made of the effect of acriflavine upon Bodo caudatus. The drug has the property of producing a percentage of modified Bodos without parabasal bodies but no permanently aparabasal strains have been produced.2. A technique was devised whereby the resistance, as judged by two different types of survival experiment, could be correlated with the percentage of modified Bodos produced when the strain is put to grow in an ascending series of concentrations of acriflavine incorporated in the culture medium.3. The peak of the count of altered Bodos in relation to the concentration in which it occurs is found to be the index of the sensitiveness of the strain at that date. The maximum reaction as gauged by the numbers of modified Bodos produced in an untreated strain of average sensitiveness is about 70 to 80 per cent., and this occurs in so low a concentration as 1/1,000,000. 1/5,000,000 gives a count below the maximum and 1/50,000,000 produces only 1 to 4 per cent. according to the sensitiveness of the strain.4. The mass untreated strain was originally derived from a single Bodo isolated in the autumn of 1926. This strain in 1927–28 was used as the mass untreated strain in the experiments. Its resistance was found to fluctuate from below a capacity to evolve with great difficulty in 1/50,000 to a somewhat feeble development in 1/10,000 acriflavine incorporated plates. The mass untreated strain was never able to evolve in plates containing 1/5000 acriflavine at any time.5. Strains grown from single isolations from the untreated mass culture showed different degrees of natural resistance. The most resistant clones could develop in 1/5000 acriflavine incorporated plates, but not in 1/2000. The great importance of this natural range of resistance in estimating an acquired drug fastness is emphasized. Strains which had been made resistant could be brought to live continuously in 1/1500 acriflavine incorporated plates, but no evolution was obtained in 1/1000.6. Evidence that drug fastness in Bodo caudatus is due to the interaction of selective inheritance and the actual modification of the quality of the Bodo by evolution in the drug is given. The modification is not apparently a mutation, it is a heritable piling up of changes in a particular direction.7. A high resistance once acquired is retained through prolonged cultivation upon drug-free media. A gradual loss occurs, partly by a dilution through multiplication of the character impressed and partly by the survival of variants of less resistance to acriflavine, but of perfect viability in other circumstances and the competition of these within the strain. The loss of resistance is greatly accelerated in single cell cultures (clones) isolated from the resistant strains, but up to the present no treated strain has entirely lost the effect of the original exposures to the drug. The longest time elapsing between the creating of a partially resistant strain and its test for resistance above that of the untreated culture is one year.8. The bearing of the data obtained in Bodo caudatus upon the condition found in trypanosomiasis and upon certain aspects of chemotherapy in this group is discussed.9. Bodo caudatus being an organism without conjugation and therefore without bi-parental inheritance and consequently lacking the reorganising effect that such a periodic closing of the cycle produces, affords an example of a labile organism capable of being progressively altered within certain limits under the influence of the environment.

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The Leclerc Expedition to Saint-Domingue and the Independence of Haiti, 1802–1804

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.743 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Philippe Girard

Keyword(s):

Yellow Fever ◽

Black Population ◽

Great Difficulty ◽

Epidemic Disease ◽

Napoleon Bonaparte ◽

Saint Domingue ◽

Toussaint Louverture ◽

One Year

In December 1801, First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte sent a massive expedition to the French colony of Saint-Domingue (today: Haiti). His goal was to restore direct French rule and overthrow Toussaint Louverture, a former slave who, as governor general of Saint-Domingue, had been suspected of plotting independence. Bonaparte’s secondary goal may have been to reinstate slavery, which France had abolished in 1793–1794. Bonaparte’s brother-in-law, General Victoire Leclerc, headed the expedition. After landing in Saint-Domingue in February 1802 with 20,000 troops, he managed, with great difficulty, to defeat Louverture’s army. He then deported Louverture to France, where he died in exile. In August 1802, however, resistance intensified as plantation laborers became convinced that the French intended to restore slavery. Leclerc, who lost much of his army to yellow fever, embraced increasingly murderous tactics against the black population until he died in November 1802. For one year, Leclerc’s successor, General Donatien de Rochambeau, battled Louverture’s successor, General Jean-Jacques Dessalines, in a brutal conflict with genocidal overtones. The bravery of Dessalines’s troops, lack of support from France, epidemic disease, and the renewal of Britain’s war with France eventually doomed the French effort. After the departure of the last remnants of the Leclerc expedition, Dessalines declared the independence of Saint-Domingue, now known as Haiti, on January 1, 1804, and then put to death most of the remaining French planters.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene–Silver Nanoparticle Hybrid Materials

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13204660 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (20) ◽

pp. 4660

Author(s):

Zoltán Osváth ◽

András Pálinkás ◽

Gábor Piszter ◽

György Molnár

Keyword(s):

Hybrid Materials ◽

Silver Nanoparticle ◽

Pyrolytic Graphite ◽

Scanning Tunneling ◽

Tunneling Microscopy ◽

Ag Nps ◽

Local Surface Plasmon Resonance ◽

Simple Method ◽

Gradual Loss ◽

One Year

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) play important roles in the development of plasmonic applications. Combining these nanoparticles with graphene can yield hybrid materials with enhanced light–matter interaction. Here, we report a simple method for the synthesis of graphene–silver nanoparticle hybrids on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates. We demonstrate by scanning tunneling microscopy and local tunneling spectroscopy measurements the electrostatic n-type doping of graphene by contact with silver. We show by UV-Vis reflectance investigations that the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Ag NPs partially covered with graphene is preserved for at least three months, i.e., three times longer than the LSPR of bare Ag NPs. The gradual loss of LSPR is due to the spontaneous sulfurization of non-covered Ag NPs, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. We show that the Ag NPs completely sandwiched between graphene and HOPG do not sulfurize, even after one year.

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TMOD-08. SERUM ESTABLISHED CANCER STEM CELL CULTURES REPRESENT UNIQUE MODELS OF GLIOBLASTOMA INTER-TUMOR HETEROGENEITY

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noz175.1107 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (Supplement_6) ◽

pp. vi264-vi264

Author(s):

Nagaprathyusha Maturi ◽

E-Jean Tan ◽

Yuan Xie ◽

Anders Sundström ◽

Tobias Bergström ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Tumor Heterogeneity ◽

Basic Research ◽

Therapy Resistance ◽

Serum Free ◽

Key Words Glioblastoma ◽

One Year ◽

Unique Cell ◽

Free Media ◽

Serum Free Conditions

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumor. The invasive and heterogeneous nature of GBM stem cells (GSCs) provide the basis for extreme therapy resistance of GBM and the majority of patients survive less than one year from diagnosis. Relevant models of GBM are important for basic research and drug screening and development, and the current consensus in the field is that GSCs are most faithfully maintained under serum-free neural stem cell (NSC) conditions. We have used serum-free NSC media to explant 230 patient-derived GBM samples, and have in parallel also explanted the same samples in regular serum-containing media. We found, accordingly, that serum-free media was most effective in generating sustainable cultures (137/230, 60%), called serum-free (SF) cultures. Interestingly, we also found that that there was a subgroup of GBM specimens that could only be established in serum-containing media (31/230, 13%), called exclusive serum-containing (eSC) cultures. We characterized a number of the eSC cultures and found that they expressed typical GSC markers such as MSI-1, BMI-1, nestin, CD44 and SOX2. They also displayed all functional characteristics of GSCs, i.e. extended proliferation, sustained self-renewal and orthotopic tumor initiation. Molecular analyses showed that the eSC cultures were most closely related to but separated from mesenchymal subtype GBM. In summary we have established GSC cultures that would have evaded modeling under serum-free conditions, representing unique cell models of GBM inter-tumor heterogeneity. Key words: Glioblastoma, serum cultures, stem-like cells, GBM heterogeneity

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New Insights into Salt-Tolerance in Acidophilic Iron-Oxidising Bacteria

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.3 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1130 ◽

pp. 3-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D. Barrie Johnson ◽

Barry M. Grail ◽

Violaine Bonnefoy

Keyword(s):

Salt Tolerance ◽

Molecular Analysis ◽

Ferrous Iron ◽

Type Strain ◽

Regulatory Region ◽

Acidophilic Bacteria ◽

Solid Media ◽

Laboratory Cultures ◽

One Year ◽

Free Media

Colonies of iron-oxidising acidophilic bacteria were isolated on solid media containing up to 500 mM NaCl from non-saline samples from the Rio Tinto (Spain). One of these isolates was identified as an "Acidithiobacillusferriphilus" strain. Laboratory cultures of the type strain ofAcidithiobacillusferriduransgrown on hydrogen for one year were also found to adapt to the presence of 500 mM salt. This culture also grew on sulfur, but not on ferrous iron, in media containing 500 mM NaCl. It regained its ability to oxidise iron only after protracted incubation in salt-free media. Molecular analysis found an insertion of about 1.5 kb in the regulatory region of therusoperon of the strain that was unable to oxidize iron. This insertion was lost in the strain that had subsequently regained this ability. Our results suggest that chloride tolerance and dissimilatory oxidation of iron by these bacteria do appear to be mutually exclusive.

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The key factors contributing to the risk, diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial opportunistic infections

Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej ◽

10.2478/ahem-2021-0050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 696-710

Author(s):

Anna Grzegorzewicz ◽

Mariola Paściak

Keyword(s):

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Natural Resistance ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Species Determination ◽

Treatment Methods ◽

Drug Regimens ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽

One Year ◽

Active Exploration

Abstract The incidence and prevalence of diseases caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been steadily increasing worldwide. NTM are environmental saprophytic organisms; however, a few strains are known to produce diseases in humans affecting pulmonary and extra-pulmonary sites. Although the environment is a major source of NTM infection, recent studies have shown that person-to-person dissemination could be an important transmission route for these microorganisms. Structural and functional lung defects and immunodeficiency are major risk factors for acquiring NTM infections. Diagnosis of NTM diseases is very complex owing to the necessity of distinguishing between a true pathogen and an environmental contaminant. Identification at the species level is critical due to differences in the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of various NTM strains. Such identification is mainly achieved by molecular methods; additionally, mass spectrometry (e.g., MALDI-TOF) is useful for NTM species determination. Natural resistance of NTM species to a wide spectrum of antibiotics makes prescribing treatment for NTM diseases very difficult. NTM therapy usually takes more than one year and requires multi-drug regimens, yet the outcome often remains poor. Therefore, alternatives to antibiotic therapy treatment methods is an area under active exploration. NTM infections are an active global health problem imposing the necessity for better diagnostic tools and more effective treatment methods.

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Vestibular test and electronystagmography in the diagnosis of vertigo

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20194541 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 1575

Author(s):

Zorengpuii . ◽

Naveen P.

Keyword(s):

Economic Status ◽

Movement Control ◽

Great Difficulty ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Sensory Inputs ◽

Vestibular Tests ◽

Duration Of Illness ◽

Insidious Onset ◽

Central Origin ◽

One Year

Background: Vertigo, by definition, is a subjective sense of imbalance, and can result from a variety of disorders both peripheral and central. Although perfect function is required for precise balance and eye movement control, man is able to function adequately with only two of the three main sensory inputs. Great difficulty, however, occurs if only one system is intact, or if the control integrating mechanisms within the nervous system are deranged. Minor deficiencies of any, or all three sensory inputs may give rise to symptoms of imbalance. The disorders causing vertigo may be of peripheral or central origin, and accurate diagnosis of the underlying pathology is warranted for effective treatment.Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal. 50 cases presenting with symptoms of vertigo were studied irrespective of age, sex, caste, religion, socio-economic status and duration of illness. They were subjected to a thorough clinical examination and relevant investigations with main emphasis on vestibular tests and electronystagmography in every patient.Results: Vertigo of peripheral and central lesions accounted for 64% and 12% respectively. Idiopathic vertigo in which no neurotological abnormality is detected accounted for 24% of cases. Meniere’s disease (28%) comprised the single largest group amongst the peripheral vertigo. Majority of the patients (58%) presented with hearing impairment as associated symptom.Conclusions: Ninety percent of patients presented with less than one year duration of vertigo. Vertigo caused by peripheral vestibular lesion presents as acute, unprecipitated, short-lived episodes associated with nausea and vomiting, while vertigo of central vestibular origin follows a more gradual and insidious onset of continual imbalance.

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Immobilized Glucose Oxidase Used to Measure Glucose in Serum

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/20.8.1018 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 1018-1022 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Hans J Kunz ◽

Milos Stastny

Keyword(s):

Glucose Oxidase ◽

Reaction Rate ◽

Oxygen Depletion ◽

Maximum Reaction Rate ◽

Controlled Pore Glass ◽

Maximum Reaction ◽

Pore Glass ◽

Immobilized Glucose Oxidase ◽

One Year ◽

Analytical System

Abstract We report an analytical system in which glucose oxidase immobilized on controlled-pore glass is used. The immobilized glucose oxidase was packed in a column that was part of a continuous-flow system. Oxygen depletion of the buffer was measured with a Clark-type electrode, and the resulting data were stored on tape and then evaluated with a PDP-12 computer. The relative advantages of several measurement approaches are given: (a) an endpoint method for prediluted sample, (b) an endpoint method for discrete, undiluted 9-µl samples, and (c) a maximum reaction rate measurement with discrete, undiluted samples. Catalase and mutarotase interferences were considered and found insignificant under the conditions chosen. The effects of protein, fluoride, and oxalate were determined. The column can be re-used for at least 1000 samples. Useful storage life of the immobilized glucose oxidase preparation, measured at intervals during a year, exceeded one year at room temperature.

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Многозначность мотива преображения народной культуры в творчестве В. А. Солоухина (на материале рассказа «Двадцать пять на двадцать пять»)

ТРАДИЦИОННАЯ КУЛЬТУРА ◽

10.26158/tk.2019.20.5.016 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 189-195

Author(s):

Сергей Александрович Журавлев

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Short Story ◽

Mass Culture ◽

First Generation ◽

Folk Culture ◽

Central Russia ◽

Folk Traditions ◽

Gradual Loss ◽

1960S And 1970S ◽

The 1960S

Рассказ В.А. Солоухина «Двадцать пять на двадцать пять» (1974) становится эмпирическим материалом для рассмотрения ситуации, связанной со сменой социокультурных парадигм в жизни села Центральной России. Автор использует в тексте рефлексивное переплетение хронологических пластов, посредством которого показан процесс постепенной утраты живых народных традиций как в городе, так и на селе. Личностно окрашенные воспоминания об особенностях проведения народных праздников в русской деревне первой половины ХХ в. соотносятся с наблюдениями за реалиями 1960-1970-х годов. Действие рассказа происходит в селе Преображенское в его престольный праздник Преображения. Это название неоднократно повторяется в рассматриваемом тексте, помогая спроецировать модель сопоставления старого и нового общества. В рассказе В.А. Солоухина звучит мотив преображения, трансформации, изменения современной ему действительности. Герой текста горожанин в первом поколении Андрей Воронов испытывает ностальгию по народным обычаям, типичным для первой половины ХХ в. Предметным воплощением прежней деревенской народной культуры является гармонь. В довоенной традиции этот инструмент создавал и менял обстановку, задавал настроение, пользовался большим уважением на селе. Позднее на фоне урбанизации общества, распространения массовой культуры и доминирования принципов потребления, гармонь теряет свою былую привлекательность и воспринимается молодежью как предмет архаики. В.А. Солоухин совмещает в своем рассказе черты художественного текста и этнографического очерка. Писатель проводит экскурс в мир праздничных народных традиций, вспоминает о важной роли гармони и гармониста в жизни русского села. Затем на художественном материале показывает преображение известной ему с детства действительности. V. A. Soloukhin's short story "Twenty five by twenty five" (1974) becomes an empirical material for the consideration of the situation associated with the change of socio-cultural paradigms in rural life in Central Russia. The author uses in the text a reflexive interweaving of chronological layers, through which the process of gradual loss of living folk traditions both in the city and in the countryside is shown. Personal memories of the peculiarities of folk festivals in the Russian village of the first half of the twentieth century correlate with observations of the realities of the 1960s and 1970s. The story takes place in the village of Preobrazhenskoye on its patronal feast of the Transfiguration. This name is repeated in the text under consideration, helping to project a model of comparison of old and new society. In V. A. Soloukhin's story the motive of transformation, of changes of the reality manifests itself. The hero of the text, a citizen in the first generation, Andrei Voronov, is nostalgic for folk customs typical of the first half of the twentieth century. The subject embodiment of the former village folk culture is the garmon (the Russian button accordion). In the pre-war tradition, this instrument created and changed the situation, set the mood, enjoyed great respect in the countryside. Later, against the background of the urbanization of society, the spread of mass culture and the dominance of the principles of consumption, the garmonloses its former appeal and is perceived by young people as an archaic object. V. A. Soloukhin combines the features of a literary text and an ethnographic essay in his story. The writer makes an excursion into the world of festive folk traditions, recalls the important role of the garmon and its player in the life of the Russian village. Then, on the artistic material, he shows the transformation of the reality known to him since childhood.

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Case report of urinary tract infection in sows of a commercial pig unit

Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society ◽

10.12681/jhvms.15685 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 272

Author(s):

K. SAOULIDIS (Κ. ΣΑΟΥΛΙΔΗΣ) ◽

S. K. KRITAS (Σ.Κ. ΚΡΗΤΑΣ) ◽

K. SARRIS (Κ. ΣΑΡΡΗΣ) ◽

N. ROUBIES (Ν. ΡΟΥΜΠΙΕΣ) ◽

S. C. KYRIAKIS (Σ.K. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ)

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Gradual Loss ◽

One Year ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Almost All ◽

First Time ◽

Respective Figure ◽

Biochemical Examination

In this paper, a case of urinary tract infection in sows of a commercial pig unit is presented for the first time in Greece. Within a period of one year, 21 cases of specific infection were recorded, representing 5.8% of the farrowings in the farm. The symptoms were obvious around the 3rd to 4th week post mating and were keeping on for 2 to 7 days. Anorexia, thirst, blood in the urine and subsequent death or survival with gradual loss of body condition were the main findings. A significant correlation between the number of sows that died, and the number of sows showing anorexia (p<0,05), or showing hypothermia (p<0,05) was observed. The average number of live born piglets at the last parturition compared to the respective figure during the previous parturitions was markedly reduced (p<0,05). The findings of microscopic and biochemical examination of the urine were indicative of infection, while biochemical examinations of blood samples of diseased sows have shown significantly increased urea (BUN) and creatinine levels (p<0,05). Bacteriological culture of urine samples have shown the presence of increased numbers of bacteria (>106/ml) such as Escherichia coli and Actinomyces suis in almost all ill sows. It is concluded that porcine urinary tract infections may cause serious problems for pig enterprises as may be directly correlated with reproductive performance and viability of the sows.

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MON-695 Multiple Recurrent Lipomatoses with Thiazolidinedione Therapy in Familial Partial Lipodystrophy, Dunnigan Variety (FPLD2)

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1287 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Nivedita Patni ◽

Abhimanyu Garg

Keyword(s):

White Female ◽

Missense Mutations ◽

Autosomal Dominant Disorder ◽

Metabolic Complications ◽

Partial Lipodystrophy ◽

Lmna Mutation ◽

Gradual Loss ◽

History Of ◽

Familial Partial Lipodystrophy ◽

One Year

Abstract Background: FPLD2, a rare autosomal dominant disorder due to heterozygous missense mutations in LMNA, is characterized by gradual loss of subcutaneous (sc) fat from the limbs starting during late childhood and predisposition to metabolic complications, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis. Some patients, especially females, accumulate excess sc fat in the chin, neck, supraclavicular and perineal regions. We report disfiguring and disabling lipomatoses in unusual locations with thiazolidinedione therapy in two women with FPLD2. Clinical Cases: A 57-year-old white female with FPLD2, due to heterozygous p.R482Q LMNA mutation, developed recurrent large lipomatoses in the axillae at age 33 years, and later in the posterior neck (buffalo hump), mons pubis and above sacrum. She developed diabetes at age 30 and was started on pioglitazone 45 mg daily, which was switched to rosiglitazone 8 mg daily at age 43 years. Supra-sacral lipomatoses were approximately 40 cm X 20 cm bilaterally and continued to grow despite lipectomy and multiple liposuctions. Rosiglitazone was stopped at age 56 years, and she reported no further increase in the size of lipomatoses. Her other medications included colesevelam, atorvastatin, metformin, glimepiride, lisinopril, losartan, hydrochlorothiazide, aspirin, insulin and dulaglutide. Her 54-year-old younger sister with FPLD2 (heterozygous p.R482Q LMNA mutation) was treated with lisinopril, metoprolol, atorvastatin, liraglutide, and insulin glargine and aspart, but no history of taking thiazolidinediones, and she never developed any lipomatoses. Another 43-year-old white female with FPLD2, due to heterozygous p.S583L LMNA mutation, was noticed to have lipomatous deposits in the axillae, medial gluteal region, labia and perineal regions. She developed diabetes mellitus at age 36 years and took metformin for 6 years and pioglitazone 30 mg daily for one year before she noticed the lipomatoses. Her other medications included atorvastatin, aldactone and vitamin D3. Pioglitazone was stopped and after one year, she reported reduction in the size of lipomatoses. Conclusion: Thiazolidinediones are selective peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists and induce weight gain by increasing fat mass, especially subcutaneous depots. Our cases suggest that thiazolidinediones can cause undesired growth of non-lipodystrophic adipose tissue in patients with FPLD2 and thus should be avoided.

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