Infestation of littorinids by larval Digenea around a small fishing port

Parasitology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Matthews ◽  
W. I. Montgomery ◽  
R. E. B. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
High Infection Rate ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Snail Infection ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Raw Fish

Larval Digenea infecting Littorina rudis, L. littorea and L. obtusata around Portavogie harbour, Co. Down, were examined. High levels of infection were found among the littorinids collected from sites on the harbour shore, though levels of infection varied somewhat with position on the shore. There was a direct relationship between size of the snail host and likelihood of infection. There was a negative association between certain pairs of helminth species in the same host, particularly where the rediae of Cryptocotyle lingua or Himasthla sp. were involved. Infection rates in gastropods declined away from the harbour and it is concluded that the high infection rate centres around the harbour were probably due to the increased concentration of definitive hosts, mainly seagulls, attracted to this area by dumping of raw fish offal. The infection of Pholis gunnellus with the metacercariae of C. lingua was also examined. Older fish were more heavily infected than younger fish but no direct relationship was found between high snail infection rates and high P. gunnellus infection rates.

scholarly journals Research on intervention methods of nosocomial infection in neurosurgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Sung-Won Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
High Infection Rate ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Bacterial Drug Resistance ◽  
High Infection

<p>The proportion of critically ill patients from neurosurgery wards in hospitals is significantly higher than that from other departments. These patients suffer from low immune. At the same time, because of the severe trauma after surgery and the complexity of pathogens in patients, antibiotics are frequently used. However, the of bacterial drug resistance is relatively high because of the particularity of hospitals, which is a major reason for the high infection rate of neurosurgery patients. Therefore, regarding to these risk factors, intervention measures should be actively explored in hospitals, so as to control the infection rate, reduce the possibility of infection in neurosurgery patients, improve the rehabilitation efficiency of patients, and reduce unnecessary suffering of patients caused by infection. This is also an effective means to improve the quality of hospital medical care. </p>

scholarly journals High infection rate of zoonoticEucoleus aerophilusinfection in foxes from Serbia

Parasite ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Lalošević ◽  
Dušan Lalošević ◽  
Ivan Čapo ◽  
Verica Simin ◽  
Annamaria Galfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
High Infection Rate ◽  
High Infection

scholarly journals Frontal Recess Cells in International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC); Prevalence, Infection Incidence, and Relation to Frontal Sinus Infection in Chronic Sinusitis Patients

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdelfattah Bayomy Nofal ◽  
Mohammad Waheed El-Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Frontal Sinus ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
High Infection Rate ◽  
Frontal Recess ◽  
Posterior Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Medial Group ◽  
Anterior Group

AbstractFrontal recess cells have many types with different sizes, arrangement, and extend. It plays an important role in successful functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) as most causes of failure are related to it. Outline the prevalence of the frontal recess cells, pathological incidence of each cell regarding to frontal sinus pathology. Prospective study on 100 consecutive patients (200 sides) complaining from nasal and sinus symptoms which did not respond to medical management and indicated for FESS. Anterior group was infected in 30.8%; agger nasi cell (ANC) present in 97% (25.8% infected, 74.2% not infected), supra agger cell (SAC) present in 48% (39.6% infected, 60.4% not infected), supra agger frontal cell (SAFC) present in 11% (36.4% infected, 63.6% not infected). Posterior group was infected in 24.8%; supra bulla cell (SBC) present in 72% (30.6% infected, 69.4% not infected), supra bulla frontal cell (SBFC) present in 23% (17.4% infected, 82.6% not infected), supra orbital ethmoid cell (SOEC) present in 42% of cases (19% infected, 81% not infected). Medial group [frontal septal cell (FSC)] was present in 21% (33.3% infected, 66.7% not infected). FSC, SAC, SAFC, and SBC showed high infection rate in association with infected frontal sinus, while, the SOEC, ANC, and SBFC did not have such high infection rate. Frontal recess cells show no difference in their prevalence either if the frontal sinus infected or not, however their infection rate show significant difference.

High Infection Rate ofTrichophyton verrucosumin Calves from Central Italy

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Papini ◽  
S. Nardoni ◽  
A. Fanelli ◽  
F. Mancianti
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
High Infection Rate ◽  
High Infection

scholarly journals Waning of Measured Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Over Time: The Potential Contribution of Leaky Vaccine Effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. e633-e641
Author(s):  
Jerome I Tokars ◽  
Manish M Patel ◽  
Ivo M Foppa ◽  
Carrie Reed ◽  
Alicia M Fry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Seasonal Infection ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Vaccine Effect

Abstract Background Several observational studies have shown decreases in measured influenza vaccine effectiveness (mVE) during influenza seasons. One study found decreases of 6–11%/month during the 2011–2012 to 2014–2015 seasons. These findings could indicate waning immunity but could also occur if vaccine effectiveness is stable and vaccine provides partial protection in all vaccinees (“leaky”) rather than complete protection in a subset of vaccinees. Since it is unknown whether influenza vaccine is leaky, we simulated the 2011–2012 to 2014–2015 influenza seasons to estimate the potential contribution of leaky vaccine effect to the observed decline in mVE. Methods We used available data to estimate daily numbers of vaccinations and infections with A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B viruses. We assumed that vaccine effect was leaky, calculated mVE as 1 minus the Mantel-Haenszel relative risk of vaccine on incident cases, and determined the mean mVE change per 30 days since vaccination. Because change in mVE was highly dependent on infection rates, we performed simulations using low (15%) and high (31%) total (including symptomatic and asymptomatic) seasonal infection rates. Results For the low infection rate, decreases (absolute) in mVE per 30 days after vaccination were 2% for A/H1N1 and 1% for A/H3N2and B viruses. For the high infection rate, decreases were 5% for A/H1N1, 4% for A/H3, and 3% for B viruses. Conclusions The leaky vaccine bias could account for some, but probably not all, of the observed intraseasonal decreases in mVE. These results underscore the need for strategies to deal with intraseasonal vaccine effectiveness decline.

A high infection rate of Trypanosoma brucei subgroup in Glossina fuscipes

Parasitology ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rogers ◽  
E. N. Kenyanjui ◽  
A. K. Wiggwah
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
High Infection Rate ◽  
High Infection

A survey in Busoga District, Uganda, where an outbreak of sleeping sickness was detected, has yielded an infection rate with T. brucei subgroup in G. fuscipes of 4.8%. Isolation of the infected flies was by feeding of the flies on mice, followed by trituration and inoculation of a suspension of the triturated flies into mice. The mice were treated with cyclophosphamide to reduce the immune response. The percentage infection as determined by inoculation of triturate was 4.1%, whilst that by feeding on mice was 1–8%. Amongst the 19 strains of T. brucei subgroup isolated, four were identified as T. rhodesiense by the BIIT method.

scholarly journals ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՈՐՈՇ ՄԱՐԶԵՐՈՒՄ ՄԵՂՈՒՆԵՐԻ ՎԻՐՈՒՍԱՅԻՆ ՀԻՎԱՆԴՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԻ ՀԱՄԱՃԱՐԱԿԱԲԱՆԱԿԱՆ ԱՌԱՆՁՆԱՀԱՏԿՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ

2021 ◽  
pp. 311-314
Author(s):  
J.T. Simonyan ◽  
H.Ye. Voskanyan ◽  
L.L. Simonyan
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
High Infection Rate ◽  
High Infection ◽  
The Common

Based on the epizootological research conducted in eight communities of four Armenian regions the prevalence rate of viral diseases of larva sacbrood and chronic bee paralyses has been determined. High infection rate has been recorded in the Syunik region. The clinical signs of the larvae and bee detected in the infected beehives coincided with the symptoms of the mentioned diseases. Bee deaths can lead to the yield reduction and cause damage to agriculture. Thus, it is necessary to detect the common viral diseases and develop efficient struggling measures.

scholarly journals Are countries precautionary actions against COVID-19 effective? An assessment study of 175 countries worldwide

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamir M Alshammari ◽  
Khalidah Alenzi ◽  
Fatemah Alnofal ◽  
Ghada Fradees ◽  
Ali Altebainawi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Assessment Study ◽  
High Infection ◽  
The Relationship

Background The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected many countries negatively, particularly in terms of their health care and financial systems. Numerous countries have attempted to employ precautions to address this pandemic. Objective This study was aimed at exploring and assessing the precautionary actions taken by 175 countries on six continents to prevent the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods An observational study was conducted based on data collected during the period from December 31, 2019, until the end of April 2020. Several data were extracted, including information related to the date of the first reported case of SARS-CoV-2, total confirmed cases, total active cases, and more. In addition, seven validated indicators were used to assess the countries preparedness and precautionary actions. Results A total of 175 countries were included in the study. The total COVID-19 infection rate increased exponentially and rapidly in North America and Europe from March to April. The application of the precautions (indicators) varied between countries. School closures, quarantines and curfews were the most applied indicators among all countries. As for the relationship between the indicators and their effects on the infection rate, Italy and Spain were the top countries in Europe and adopted all indicators. Nevertheless, they faced high infection rates: 239,639 and 205,463 COVID-19 cases in Spain, and Italy, respectively. Conclusion The precautionary actions might have played a role in limiting the spread of COVID-19 in several countries. However, many countries did not benefit from applying these indicators.

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