scholarly journals Are countries precautionary actions against COVID-19 effective? An assessment study of 175 countries worldwide

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamir M Alshammari ◽  
Khalidah Alenzi ◽  
Fatemah Alnofal ◽  
Ghada Fradees ◽  
Ali Altebainawi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Assessment Study ◽  
High Infection ◽  
The Relationship

Background The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected many countries negatively, particularly in terms of their health care and financial systems. Numerous countries have attempted to employ precautions to address this pandemic. Objective This study was aimed at exploring and assessing the precautionary actions taken by 175 countries on six continents to prevent the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods An observational study was conducted based on data collected during the period from December 31, 2019, until the end of April 2020. Several data were extracted, including information related to the date of the first reported case of SARS-CoV-2, total confirmed cases, total active cases, and more. In addition, seven validated indicators were used to assess the countries preparedness and precautionary actions. Results A total of 175 countries were included in the study. The total COVID-19 infection rate increased exponentially and rapidly in North America and Europe from March to April. The application of the precautions (indicators) varied between countries. School closures, quarantines and curfews were the most applied indicators among all countries. As for the relationship between the indicators and their effects on the infection rate, Italy and Spain were the top countries in Europe and adopted all indicators. Nevertheless, they faced high infection rates: 239,639 and 205,463 COVID-19 cases in Spain, and Italy, respectively. Conclusion The precautionary actions might have played a role in limiting the spread of COVID-19 in several countries. However, many countries did not benefit from applying these indicators.

The regulation of populations ofOstertagia ostertagiin calves

Parasitology ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Michel
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Ostertagia Ostertagi ◽  
High Infection ◽  
The Relationship

The course of the worm burdens of calves infected daily with larvae ofOstertagia ostertagiat five different rates was studied by making post-mortem worm counts on groups of calves killed after experiencing infection for different periods of time.The relationship between worm numbers and infection rates together with evidence that a turnover of worms occurred, led to the conclusion that burdens of adult worms were regulated primarily by a loss of worms at a rate proportional to the number present.Further, estimates based on the number of developing fourth-stage larvae indicated that the proportion of the larvae administered which became established decreased gradually as the experiment progressed.At very low infection rates, the rate of turnover of the worms was slower than at high infection rates but in all groups it remained constant through the 6 months duration of the experiment.The development of a small proportion of the larvae administered was arrested at the early fourth stage. At the highest infection rate used, the proportion of worms that became inhibited was somewhat greater.

Observational study of bone-anchored hearing aid infection rates using different post-operative dressings

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 842-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Doshi ◽  
Y Karagama ◽  
D Buckley ◽  
I Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Wound Dressing ◽  
Wound Care ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Care Clinic ◽  
Crucial Element ◽  
Bone Anchored Hearing Aid ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Avoidance of infection at the implant site is a crucial element to the success of bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) implantation. However, little evidence exists to suggest the best post-operative wound dressing to use.Material and methods: We report our experience with 160 consecutive BAHA patients, using four types of post-operative BAHA wound dressing (Tri-adcortyl®, Mepitel®, Allevyn®, and Acticoat 7® with Allevyn). Patients were reviewed at week one and week two post-operatively. Infection was defined as a positive wound swab culture or evidence of cellulitis at the BAHA site.Results: Post-operative BAHA infection rates were 16 per cent, 50 per cent, 10 per cent and 5 per cent, for each of the four dressings respectively, and the mean number of additional visits to wound care clinic were 1.5, 3.7, one and 0.4, respectively.Discussion: Acticoat 7 with Allevyn produced the lowest infection rate and thus became the dressing of choice for our BAHA programme.

scholarly journals The role of lambs in louping-ill virus amplification

Parasitology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. LAURENSON ◽  
R. NORMAN ◽  
H. W. REID ◽  
I. POW ◽  
D. NEWBORN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Louping Ill ◽  
Hill Farming ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Colostral Antibody

In some areas of Scotland, the prevalence of louping-ill virus has not decreased despite the vaccination of replacement ewes for over 30 years. The role of unvaccinated lambs in viral persistence was examined through a combination of an empirical study of infection rates of lambs and mathematical modelling. Serological sampling revealed that most lambs were protected by colostral immunity at turnout in May/June but were fully susceptible by the end of September. Between 8 and 83% of lambs were infected over the first season, with seroconversion rates greater in late rather than early summer. The proportion of lambs that could have amplified the louping-ill virus was low, however, because high initial titres of colostral antibody on farms with a high force of infection gave protection for several months. A simple mathematical model suggested that the relationship between the force of infection and the percentage of lambs that became viraemic was not linear and that the maximum percentage of viraemic lambs occurred at moderately high infection rates. Examination of the conditions required for louping-ill persistence suggested that the virus could theoretically persist in a sheep flock with over 370 lambs, if the grazing season was longer than 130 days. In practice, however, lamb viraemia is not a general explanation for louping-ill virus persistence as these conditions are not met in most management systems and because the widespread use of acaracides in most tick-affected hill farming systems reduces the number of ticks feeding successfully.

scholarly journals Lower State COVID-19 Deaths and Cases with Earlier School Closure in the U.S.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Rauscher
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
School Closure ◽  
Lower State ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

This study quantifies the relationship between school closure timing and COVID-19 deaths and cases in the general population in all U.S. states. COVID-19 has higher symptomatic infection rates among the elderly, suggesting school closures could be unrelated to transmission. However, predicting daily cumulative COVID-19 deaths by state, earlier school closure is related to fewer deaths per capita and slower growth in deaths per capita. Results are similar for COVID-19 cases per capita.

scholarly journals Preparing for future waves and pandemics: a global hospital survey on infection control measures and infection rates in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Matoori ◽  
Daniel R. Kuritzkes ◽  
Yonggeng Goh ◽  
Swee Tian Quek ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Care Workers

AbstractA survey of hospitals on three continents was performed to assess their infection control preparedness and measures, and their infection rate in hospital health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. All surveyed hospitals used similar PPE but differences in preparedness, PPE shortages, and infection rates were reported.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Some Intestinal Parasites for Patients Attending to Shirqat General Hospital/Salah Al-Din Governorate

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 125-129
Author(s):  
Firas Fahad Habeeb ◽  
Ali Mohammed Abed
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
The Relationship

The current study was conducted to detect the infection rate of the Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia parasite and to determine the relationship between them and Helicobacter pylori bacteria for patients attending Shirqat General Hospital in Salah al-Din Governorate during the period from October 2020 to March 2021. The number of examined samples reached 409, as they were examined by direct smear and Concentration methods using an optical microscope. The results of the study showed that the total infection rate was 46 (11.24%) positive samples and 363 negative samples with a rate of (88.7%), the Entamoeba histolytica was dominant with rate 67.38%, followed by Giardia lamblia with rate 32.61%, and the infection rates for males were higher than for females. Where the infection rate of males reached 14.29% (34 out of 238) and 7.02% of females (12 out of 171), respectively. The infection rates varied between age groups, as the highest rate of infection was in the age group ≥ 10-1 years, which amounted to 32.6%, and the lowest rate of infection was in the age group 60-51 years, with a rate of 2.17%. The highest infection rate was in October, which amounted to 14.89%, while the lowest infection rate was in December, with a rate of 7.35%. All positive samples were examined for microscopic examination by rapid antigen test to detect H.pylori bacteria involved in infection with Entamoeba histolytica or Giardia lamblia, and the results showed that 13 (28.26) samples were positive and 33 (71.73%) were negative samples, and the Co-infection infection rate was between the Entamoeba histolytica and H.pylori 9 (29.03%) were higher than that of Giardia lamblia and H.pylori 4 (26.66%).The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between the sex of patients infected with these parasites and the rates of infection during the months of the study and the age groups of infected patients.

scholarly journals An observational study of incidence of surgical site infections in gastrointestinal surgeries

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 3595
Author(s):  
Jenishkumar Vijaykumar Modi ◽  
Darshit Kalaria
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Surgical Site Infection ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Surgical Site Infection Rate ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Surgery Department

Background: This study analysed the incidence of surgical site infections in gastrointestinal surgeries and its risk factors. so this study helped us in reducing surgical site infection by avoiding or minimizing that risk factors.Methods: The present study was conducted at general surgery department, SMIMER, Surat. An observational study of 400 cases that have undergone abdominal surgery in SMIMER hospital and were followed up from the day of operation to 30 days after discharge was done.Results: The overall infection rate for a total of the 400 cases was 17.25%. The incidence rate in this study was well within the infection rates of 2.8% to 17% seen in other studies. Different studies from India at different places have shown the SSI (surgical site infection) rate to vary from 6.09% to 38.7%.Conclusions: Our study reveals that though SSIs have been widely studied since a long time, they still remain as one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in surgically treated patients.

scholarly journals Waning of Measured Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Over Time: The Potential Contribution of Leaky Vaccine Effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. e633-e641
Author(s):  
Jerome I Tokars ◽  
Manish M Patel ◽  
Ivo M Foppa ◽  
Carrie Reed ◽  
Alicia M Fry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Seasonal Infection ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Vaccine Effect

Abstract Background Several observational studies have shown decreases in measured influenza vaccine effectiveness (mVE) during influenza seasons. One study found decreases of 6–11%/month during the 2011–2012 to 2014–2015 seasons. These findings could indicate waning immunity but could also occur if vaccine effectiveness is stable and vaccine provides partial protection in all vaccinees (“leaky”) rather than complete protection in a subset of vaccinees. Since it is unknown whether influenza vaccine is leaky, we simulated the 2011–2012 to 2014–2015 influenza seasons to estimate the potential contribution of leaky vaccine effect to the observed decline in mVE. Methods We used available data to estimate daily numbers of vaccinations and infections with A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B viruses. We assumed that vaccine effect was leaky, calculated mVE as 1 minus the Mantel-Haenszel relative risk of vaccine on incident cases, and determined the mean mVE change per 30 days since vaccination. Because change in mVE was highly dependent on infection rates, we performed simulations using low (15%) and high (31%) total (including symptomatic and asymptomatic) seasonal infection rates. Results For the low infection rate, decreases (absolute) in mVE per 30 days after vaccination were 2% for A/H1N1 and 1% for A/H3N2and B viruses. For the high infection rate, decreases were 5% for A/H1N1, 4% for A/H3, and 3% for B viruses. Conclusions The leaky vaccine bias could account for some, but probably not all, of the observed intraseasonal decreases in mVE. These results underscore the need for strategies to deal with intraseasonal vaccine effectiveness decline.

Which Health Care Workers Were Most Affected During the Spring 2009 H1N1 Pandemic?

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia D. Santos ◽  
Robert B. Bristow ◽  
Jaclyn V. Vorenkamp
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Hospital Employees ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
2009 H1n1

ABSTRACTObjectives: To identify health care workers most at risk for H1N1 infection before vaccination and compare health outcomes after vaccination.Methods: The indices used to gauge employee health were laboratory-confirmed H1N1 data, laboratory-confirmed influenza A data, and employee sick hours records. In phase 1 of this 2-phase study, absenteeism records for 6,093 hospital employees before vaccine administration were analyzed according to department and employee position during the spring 2009 H1N1 pandemic.Results: Records of 123 confirmed reports of laboratory-confirmed influenza A or novel H1N1 infections in hospital employees were also analyzed. Two thirds of the H1N1 cases occurred during June (infection rates in parentheses): 34 in physicians and medical personnel (6.7%), 36 in nurses and clinical technicians (2.2%), 39 in Administrative & Support Personnel (infection rate = 1.2%), 3 in Social Workers & Counselors (infection rate = 1.0%), 8 in Housekeeping & Food Services (infection rate = 2.7%), and 3 in Security & Transportation (infection rate=3.9%). When analyzed according to department, the adult emergency department (infection rate = 28.8%) and the pediatric emergency department (infection rate = 25.0%) had the highest infection rates per department.Conclusions: Of the reported cases of H1N1 in health care workers, 49% occurred in a population that constitutes less than 20% of the total population studied. Physicians and medical personnel had a higher infection rate than other employee positions, whereas ED personnel had the highest infection rate.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:47-54)

scholarly journals Complete Life Cycle of Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, an Avian Trypanosome Transmitted by Culicine Mosquitoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2101
Author(s):  
Magdaléna Fialová ◽  
Anežka Santolíková ◽  
Anna Brotánková ◽  
Jana Brzoňová ◽  
Milena Svobodová
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Experimental Transmission ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Avian Populations

Avian trypanosomes are cosmopolitan and common protozoan parasites of birds; nevertheless, knowledge of their life cycles and vectors remains incomplete. Mosquitoes have been confirmed as vectors of Trypanosoma culicavium and suggested as vectors of T. thomasbancrofti; however, transmission has been experimentally confirmed only for the former species. This study aims to confirm the experimental transmission of T. thomasbancrofti to birds and its localization in vectors. Culex pipiens were fed on blood using four strains of T. thomasbancrofti, isolated from vectors and avian hosts; all strains established infections, and three of them were able to develop high infection rates in mosquitoes. The infection rate of the culicine isolates was 5–28% for CUL15 and 48–81% for CUL98, 67–92% for isolate OF19 from hippoboscid fly, while the avian isolate PAS343 ranged between 48% and 92%, and heavy infections were detected in 90% of positive females. Contrary to T. culicavium, trypanosomes were localized in the hindgut, where they formed rosettes with the occurrence of free epimastigotes in the hindgut and midgut during late infections. Parasites occurred in urine droplets produced during mosquito prediuresis. Transmission to birds was achieved by the ingestion of mosquito guts containing trypanosomes and via the conjunctiva. Bird infection was proven by blood cultivation and xenodiagnosis; mature infections were present in the dissected guts of 24–26% of mosquitoes fed on infected birds. The prevalence of T. thomasbancrofti in vectors in nature and in avian populations is discussed in this paper. This study confirms the vectorial capacity of culicine mosquitoes for T. thomasbancrofti, a trypanosome related to T. avium, and suggests that prediuresis might be an effective mode of trypanosome transmission.

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