Brugia malayi microfilaraemia in mice: a model for the study of the host response to microfilariae

Parasitology ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. Grove ◽  
R. S. Davis ◽  
K. S. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Brugia Malayi ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Vascular Congestion ◽  
Splenic White Pulp

SUMMARYMicrofilariae of Brugia malayi were obtained from the peritoneal cavities of infected gerbils and were then injected intravenously into mice. A sub-periodic, nocturnal microfilaraemia was produced. The level of microfilaraemia was proportional to the number of parasites injected, with approximately 1–3% of microfilariae being found in the peripheral circulation. The duration of microfilaraemia was proportional to the number of parasites injected; it subsided by 30 days after injection of 104 microfilariae but was still present at a low level 120 days after injection of 2 × 105 microfilariae. A transient splenomegaly developed after injection of microfilariae. Histopathological examination revealed large numbers of microfilariae free in the lumens of pulmonary small blood vessels and without any accompanying inflammatory reaction. Lesser numbers of microfilariae were seen in the cardiac blood and hepatic and renal blood vessels for the first few days after injection. There was cellular proliferation in the splenic white pulp and vascular congestion of the red pulp. Microfilariae labelled with 51Cr were injected intravenously; 57% of radioactivity was found in the lungs, 8·5% in the liver and 2·9% in the spleen. Mice developed immediate hypersensitivity reactions to B. malayi antigen by 4 weeks after injection, but Arthus and delayed hypersensitivity reactions were not seen at any time. When mice which had been injected 5 months previously were challenged with a 2nd injection of microfilariae, there was an accelerated clearance of parasites over 2 weeks and a marked peripheral blood eosinophilia developed. In contrast with natural infections, in which the continuous production of microfilariae complicates assessment, this model provides a system in which factors controlling the circulation of microfilariae in the bloodstream can be studied independently.

scholarly journals Histopathological changes in some tissues of Tigris river fishes, exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons, Baghdad city

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Nahla Taleb Mansoor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Hydropic Degeneration ◽  
Tigris River ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Liza Abu

      During the period between January till December 2012, a total of 119 fish samples were collected and examined from Tigris River between Al-Jadiriya Bridge and Al-Zaafaraniya region in two stations, the first station was located under Al-Jadiriya bridge and the second station was located at Al-Zaafaraniya region before Diayla river in order to know the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in the tissues of the examined fishes. Fish samples belonged to (16) species (Acanthobrama marmid, Albernus caeruleus, Aspius vorax, Barbua belayewi, B. grypus, B. xanthopterus, Carassius carassius, Carasobarbus luteus, Cyprinion macrostomum, Chondrostomua regium, Gara ruffa, Heteropneustes fossilis, Leuciscus cephalus, Liza abu, Mystus pelusius and Tilapia zillii). The histopathological examination included 44 specimens from the internal and external organs of Chontrostoma regium in order to examine the histopathological changes in some organs like (gills, muscles, kidney, liver and spleen). The results revealed congestion, edema, separating, severe vacuolation and dilation of gill secondary lamella, while muscle samples showed mild hyalinization, infiltration of mononuclear cells and fragmentation. The kidney showed hydropic degeneration, necrosis changes, hyperplastic of melanomacrophages, severe dilation of blood vessels with cellular swelling of renal tubule epithelial lining and depletion of hemopoiotic tissues. Severe dilation and congestion of blood vessels and sinusoid, nucleopleomorphism were noticed with nucleomegalocytic of hepatocytes, hemorrhagic with mineral deposition in hepatic parenchyma. Lymphoid depletion in white pulp and hemopoitic tissues, congestion of red pulp, severe hyperplasia were noticed with dilation of splenic tissues. Water samples from Tigris river were analyzed for measuring the level of petroleum hydrocarbons in water and appeared that the pollution 0.0048 mg/L in Al-Jadiriya station and 0.0674 mg/L in Al-Zaafaraniya station.      

scholarly journals Morphometric and Histopathologic Analysis of Lymphoid Depletion in Murine Spleens Following Infection with Brucella abortus strains 2308 or RB51 or an htrA Deletion Mutant

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Palmer ◽  
N. F. Cheville ◽  
F. M. Tatum
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Brucella Abortus ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Splenic White Pulp ◽  
Lymphoid Depletion ◽  
Histopathologic Changes ◽  
Histopathologic Analysis ◽  
Marginal Zones

BALB/C mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with suspensions of Brucella abortus strains 2308 or RB51 or an htrA mutant. Spleens were examined on postinoculation day (PID) 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 21, 30, and 60. Brucellae were cultured in high numbers from the spleens of mice infected with strains 2308 or htrA through PID 60; however, mice infected with strain RB51 cleared the infection between PID 30 and PID 60. Histopathologic changes in spleens from 2308-infected mice were characterized by marked accumulations of macrophages, which expanded marginal zones beginning as early as PID 7 and persisting through PID 60. Morphometric analysis showed a decrease in splenic white pulp in 2308-infected mice at PID 10, which correlated with the peak of bacterial infection. Although this decrease was significant ( P < 0.05) when compared with values at the previous (PID 7) and the following (PID 15) time periods, it was not significantly different from white pulp values noted at PID 2 or PID 4 or the values for control spleens. Spleens from RB51-infected mice showed only mild to moderate accumulations of macrophages in marginal zone areas during the peak of RB51 infection (PID 7-10). Morphometric analysis of RB51-infected spleens showed a decrease in white pulp area, which coincided with peak bacterial numbers. However, this decrease was not significant ( P > 0.05). Spleens from mice infected with the htrA mutant showed moderate to marked accumulations of macrophages in marginal zone areas, which persisted through PID 60. Multifocal necrosis in lymphoid follicles as early as PID 4 was seen in both htrA and 2308 infection. Morphometric analysis of htrA-infected spleens revealed no significant decrease in white pulp and no obvious correlation with bacterial numbers in the spleen. These results suggest that virulent B. abortus does not induce lymphoid depletion significantly below those values seen in noninfected mice; thus, the possible role of lymphoid depletion in the pathogenesis of brucellosis remains questionable.

scholarly journals Varied presentations of cutaneous vasculitis: a case series

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 3066
Author(s):  
Pinky Gupta ◽  
Shweta Ganorkar ◽  
Surekha Bhalekar ◽  
Rajiv Rao
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Cutaneous Vasculitis ◽  
Venous Stasis ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Organ Systems

Vasculitis involves a wide spectrum of clinicopathological process with reactive damage to the involved blood vessels. There is loss of vessel integrity instigating haemorrhage & luminal compromise leading to ischemia and necrosis of the tissue supplied by the involved vessels. It may affect varied size and type of blood vessels at different locations. It may be primary or secondary to systemic disease. It may involve a single organ like skin or may involve different organ systems at the same time. This case series include six cases of cutaneous vasculitis affecting different organs with varied presentations. Skin biopsies of six patients with unusual presentations were studied. Their complete history, physical examinations, laboratory investigations including serology were analysed and correlated with histopathological findings. The patients presented with different duration of symptoms varying from as short as 15 days to 1 year. Skin lesions were present in all cases while cardiac manifestation was seen in one. Serology and autoimmune disease markers were negative in all cases except one. However, histopathological features were in concordance with the clinical diagnosis of vasculitis. They were further classified as vasculitis secondary to Churg Strauss syndrome, venous stasis, Henoch Schonlein purpura or leucocytoclastic vasculitis.Vasculitis though a rare disease may manifest as an acute or chronic condition. It needs timely diagnosis by histopathological examination to aid in further management. It is important to assess the clinical severity in primary and secondary vasculitis, as it determines morbidity and mortality.

scholarly journals In vivo evaluation of ziram induced acute toxicity on pathomorphology of broiler chicken

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2206-2211
Author(s):  
Majid Shafi ◽  
Shayaib A. Kamil ◽  
Masood S. Mir ◽  
S. Adil ◽  
Showkat A. Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Vascular Congestion ◽  
Gross Examination

Fungicides are usually used in agriculture and often find their way in poultry feed. Therefore, a study was undertaken to study the in vivo effect of one such fungicide (ziram) induced intoxication on pathomorphology of broiler chicken. After 2 weeks of age the birds were given fungicide (Ziram) in feed as a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Out of 10 birds, 3 died due to ziram intoxication (30% mortality rate). Birds that died rapidly showed pronounced neurological signs like convulsions. The carcasses of ziram intoxicated birds appeared dehydrated and their mucous membrane was pale in colour. Marked vascular congestion was observed in brain on gross examination. The livers showed congestion and haemorrhages with necrotic foci. Kidneys and lungs had ecchymotic haemorrhages and heart revealed gelatinization of pericardium, distention and pericarditis. Atrophy of bursa of Fabricius and thymus; hypertrophy of thyroid was found. Histopathological examination revealed neuronal degeneration and necrosis associated with mild gliosis in brain. Lungs, pericardium and epicardium had severe congestion and there was degeneration with separation of myofibers. Glomeruli were congested and frequently revealed hypercellularity. There were sinusoidal congestion and varying degrees of hepatocellular degeneration. Bursa revealed mild depletion of lymphoid cells in few lobules while as thymus showed hypoplasia with depletion of lymphocytes. Thyroid had mild mononuclear cell infiltration and caecum showed marked necrosis and denudation of the mucosa. In conclusion, the depletion of lymphoid tissue from lymphoid organs was suggestive of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory effects of ziram toxicity in broiler chicken.

A novel Rac-dependent checkpoint in B cell development controls entry into the splenic white pulp and cell survival

2010 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. i1-i1
Author(s):  
Robert B. Henderson ◽  
Katarzyna Grys ◽  
Anne Vehlow ◽  
Carine de Bettignies ◽  
Agnieszka Zachacz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
B Cell Development ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Splenic White Pulp

scholarly journals Cyclical modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 surface expression during lymphocyte recirculation and relationship to lymphoid organ transit

2005 ◽  
Vol 201 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Lo ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Richard L. Proia ◽  
Jason G. Cyster
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Circulating Lymphocytes ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Splenic White Pulp ◽  
Lymphocyte Egress

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) was recently shown to be required for lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs. Here we have examined the relationship between S1P1 abundance on the cell and egress efficiency. Using an integrin neutralization approach to separate the processes of entry and exit, we show that pertussis toxin treatment reduces lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes. Retrovirally mediated S1P1 overexpression is sufficient to reduce B cell accumulation in the splenic white pulp and to promote egress of activated T cells from lymph nodes, whereas S1P1+/−cells have reduced lymph node exit efficiency. Furthermore, lymphocyte S1P1 is down-regulated in the blood, up-regulated in lymphoid organs, and down-regulated again in the lymph. We propose that cyclical ligand-induced modulation of S1P1 on circulating lymphocytes contributes to establishing their lymphoid organ transit time.

scholarly journals Fc chimeric protein containing the cysteine-rich domain of the murine mannose receptor binds to macrophages from splenic marginal zone and lymph node subcapsular sinus and to germinal centers.

1996 ◽  
Vol 184 (5) ◽  
pp. 1927-1937 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Martínez-Pomares ◽  
M Kosco-Vilbois ◽  
E Darley ◽  
P Tree ◽  
S Herren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
Chimeric Protein ◽  
Mannose Receptor ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Subcapsular Sinus ◽  
Splenic White Pulp

Ligands for the cysteine-rich (CR) domain of the mannose receptor (MR) were detected by incubating murine tissues with a chimeric protein containing CR fused to the Fc region of human IgG1 (CR-Fc). In naive mice, CR-Fc bound to sialoadhesin+, F4/80low/-, macrosialin+ macrophages (M phi) in spleen marginal zone (metallophilic M phi) and lymph node subcapsular sinus. Labeling was also observed in B cell areas of splenic white pulp. Western blotting analysis of spleen and lymph nodes lysates revealed a restricted number of molecules that interacted specifically with CR-Fc. In immunized mice, labeling was upregulated on germinal centers in splenic white pulp and follicular areas of lymph nodes. Kinetic analysis of the pattern of CR-Fc labeling in lymph nodes during a secondary immune response to ovalbumin showed that CR ligand expression migrated towards B cell areas, associated with cells displaying distinctive dendritic morphology, and accumulated in developing germinal centers. These studies suggest that MR+ cells or MR-carbohydrate-containing antigen complexes could be directed towards areas where humoral immune responses take place, through the interaction of the MR CR domain with molecules expressed in specialized macrophage populations and antigen transporting cells.

scholarly journals Constitutive Expression of CCR7 Directs Effector CD8 T Cells into the Splenic White Pulp and Impairs Functional Activity

2004 ◽  
Vol 173 (5) ◽  
pp. 3013-3019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Unsoeld ◽  
David Voehringer ◽  
Stefan Krautwald ◽  
Hanspeter Pircher
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Splenic White Pulp
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