Extravascular foci ofTrypanosoma vivaxin goats: the central nervous system and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources of relapse infections after chemotherapy

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Whitelaw ◽  
P. R. Gardiner ◽  
M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
The Central Nervous System

SUMMARYRelapse of parasitaemia after drug treatment of trypanosome infections is normally attributed to drug-resistance on the part of the parasite, under-dosage of the drug or reinfection of the host. In addition, inaccessibility of parasites to drug through sequestration in privileged extravascular sites has been shown in the past to occur withTrypanosoma brucei, and we have obtained evidence that extravascular foci ofT. vivaxcan also serve as a source of relapsing infections. Infection of goats with a West African stock ofT. vivaxresulted in severe illness, which was fatal if untreated. During the terminal stage of an acute infection, clinical signs of central nervous system involvement were apparent. Histologically, the choroid plexus was swollen and oedematous, and in some cases meningitis or meningoencephalitis was seen. Trypanosomes could be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid, and also extravascularly in the choroid plexus and meninges. In three cases they were present in the aqueous humor, associated with corneal cloudiness or opacity. Treatment of 2 goats with the trypanocidal drug diminazene aceturate eliminated parasitaemia, but infections in both relapsed about 6 weeks later, despite trypanosomes being undetectable in the bloodstream during the intervening period. We conclude that the relapse infections were caused by re-emergence of trypanosomes from the CNS and/or the eye, where sequestered parasites may have been inaccessible to the trypanocide.

Central nervous system involvement in goats undergoing primary infections with Trypanosoma brucei and relapse infections after chemotherapy

Parasitology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Whitelaw ◽  
J. E. Moulton ◽  
W. I. Morrison ◽  
M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Cellular Infiltration ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Relapse of infection after trypanocidal drug treatment of trypanosome infections is normally attributed to drug resistance on the part of the parasite, under-dosage of the drug, or reinfection of the host. We have demonstrated relapse infections in goats arising from none of these. Fourteen goats infected with Trypanosoma brucei suffered severe illness and 3 died within 45 days. Despite treatment with the trypanocidal drug Berenil, a 4th goat died 2 days later. Recovery of the remainder followed chemotherapy, and in 2 goats, necropsiecl 45 days after treatment, no trypanosomes or abnormalities were detected. However 2–3 months after Berenil chemotherapy, despite trypanosomes being undetectable in the blood during the intervening period, infections in 4 of the remaining 8 animals relapsed. At all stages of the primary and relapse infections, trypanosomes isolated from the blood of the goats were completely susceptible to Berenil when tested in mice, as were parasites isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue at necropsy. At the time of treatment, only minimal cellular infiltration was found in the central nervous system (CNS), but death from the relapse infection was associated with a very severe meningoencephalitis. We conclude that the relapse infections were caused by the re-emergence of trypanosornes from the CNS, where sequestered parasites were inaccessible to the trypanocidal effects of the drug.

scholarly journals Treatment of secondary central nervous system involvement in systemic aggressive B cell lymphoma using R-MIADD chemotherapy: a single-center study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuchen Wu ◽  
Xuefei Sun ◽  
Xueyan Bai ◽  
Jun Qian ◽  
Hong Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Central Nervous System Lymphoma ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Cns Involvement ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Secondary Central Nervous System

Abstract Background Secondary central nervous system lymphoma (SCNSL) is defined as lymphoma involvement within the central nervous system (CNS) that originated elsewhere, or a CNS relapse of systemic lymphoma. Prognosis of SCNSL is poor and the most appropriate treatment is still undetermined. Methods We conducted a retrospective study to assess the feasibility of an R-MIADD (rituximab, high-dose methotrexate, ifosfamide, cytarabine, liposomal formulation of doxorubicin, and dexamethasone) regimen for SCNSL patients. Results Nineteen patients with newly diagnosed CNS lesions were selected, with a median age of 58 (range 20 to 72) years. Out of 19 patients, 11 (57.9%) achieved complete remission (CR) and 2 (10.5%) achieved partial remission (PR); the overall response rate was 68.4%. The median progression-free survival after CNS involvement was 28.0 months (95% confidence interval 11.0–44.9), and the median overall survival after CNS involvement was 34.5 months. Treatment-related death occurred in one patient (5.3%). Conclusions These single-centered data underscore the feasibility of an R-MIADD regimen as the induction therapy of SCNSL, further investigation is warranted.

CHRONIC LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-315
Author(s):  
Harry H. White ◽  
Fred D. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Fast Screening ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Lead Encephalopathy ◽  
Urinary Coproporphyrin

Chronic lead encephalopathy must be considered in the differential diagnosis of pediatric patients who present with manifestations of schizophrenia, behavior disorders or degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Determination of urinary coproporphyrin is a simple, fast screening procedure applicable to office practice. The prognosis for normal mental development following encephalopathy is poor. It is hoped that early recognition of the more subtle signs of central nervous system involvement will allow treatment to be instituted soon enough to prevent the crippling mental deterioration which is so often a sequela of lead poisoning.

Abdominal Cryptococcosis in Two Dogs: Diagnosis and Medical Management

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Tangeman ◽  
Danielle Davignon ◽  
Reema Patel ◽  
Meryl Littman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Medical Management ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Fecal Examination ◽  
Therapy Options ◽  
Cryptococcus Spp

Canine cryptococcosis cases are typically reported as neurologic, disseminated, or both. There have been few reports of other parenchymal organ involvement. Dogs infected with Cryptococcus spp. are likely to develop central nervous system involvement, and those that are severely affected are treated aggressively with surgery and/or amphotericin B. This report describes two cases of canine abdominal cryptococcosis: one boxer with primary alimentary cryptococcosis alone and one miniature schnauzer with pancreatic and disseminated cryptococcosis. The boxer is unique in that the dog suffered from primary alimentary cryptococcosis without dissemination, secondary anemia due to gastrointestinal losses, and is the second case to have Cryptococcus spp. identified on fecal examination as part of the diagnostic workup. Unlike previous reports, surgery was not performed in either case, and both dogs were treated with fluconazole alone. Currently, both dogs are free from clinical signs, and Cryptococcus spp. antigen titers are negative at 17 and 15 mo after initial presentation. These cases suggest fluconazole may be effective therapy alone for canine abdominal cryptococcosis, negating the need for high-risk therapy options such as surgery and/or amphotericin B in some cases.

scholarly journals PS913 ROLE OF CHOROID PLEXUS STROMA IN TUMOUR CHEMORESISTANCE: A SANCTUARY FOR LEUKAEMIA CELLS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

HemaSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (S1) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
L.M. Fernández-Sevilla ◽  
J. Valencia ◽  
M.A. Flores ◽  
A. Fraile-Ramos ◽  
E. Jiménez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Use of rituximab in lymphomatoid granulomatosis with isolated central nervous system involvement

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. e235412
Author(s):  
Jesse Mooneyham ◽  
Cesar Gentille ◽  
Andrea Barbieri ◽  
Shilpan Shah
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis ◽  
Vasogenic Oedema ◽  
The Central Nervous System

A 33-year-old woman presented to the emergency room with severe headaches. A CT scan of the head revealed two brain lesions with associated vasogenic oedema. Diagnostic resection of one of the lesions followed by pathological analysis revealed grade III lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG). Staging investigations elsewhere in the body were negative, isolating this case of LYG to the central nervous system, an atypical presentation. After the resection, she was treated with single-agent rituximab 375 mg/m2. The follow-up MRI demonstrated the resolution of brain lesions and no progression of the disease.

scholarly journals Presence of amastigotes in the central nervous system of hamsters infected with Leishmania sp.

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisangela de Oliveira ◽  
Elisa Teruya Oshiro ◽  
Rebeca Vieira Pinto ◽  
Bruna Corrêa de Castro ◽  
Karla Borges Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Direct Examination ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Animal House ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
The Brain

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe chronic disease caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Better knowledge on the effects caused by this disease can help develop adequate clinical management and treatment. Parasitological and immunohistochemical studies were performed golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus infected with bone marrow from individuals with VL in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, central-west Brazil. The effects of parasitism in the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain of the animals were examined. Eighteen hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally, and six healthy animals were used as negative controls. The animals were kept in the animal house and checked for clinical signs. Specimens of each organ were examined for the presence of amastigotes. Immunohistochemical technique was performed in all brain specimens and organs negative on the direct examination of parasites. Direct examination of amastigotes was positive in the spleen and liver of all infected animals; 33.3% showed the parasite in the kidneys and lungs, and 16.7% in the heart. Parasitic forms were seen in 83.3% (15/18) of the brain examined. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the results of the direct examination, except in two specimens of lung tissue and in the brain specimens. Other studies are needed to further clarify the effect of the parasite in the central nervous system.

Myo-inositol transport in the central nervous system

1975 ◽  
Vol 228 (5) ◽  
pp. 1510-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Spector ◽  
AV Lorenzo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Intraventricular Injection ◽  
Affinity Constant ◽  
Rapid Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Free myo-inositol (inositol) transport into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain, and choroid plexus and out of the cerebrospinal fluid was measured in rabbits. In vivo, inositol transport from blood into choroid plexus, CSF, and brain was saturable with an apparent affinity constant (K-t) of approximately 0.1 mM. The relative turnover of free inositol in choroid plexus (16 percent/h) was higher than in CSF 4percent/h) and brain (0.3percent/h) when meausred by tissue penetration of tracer [3-H]-labeled inositol injected into blood. However, the passage of tracer inositol was not greater than the passage of mannitol into brain when measured 15 s after a rapid injection of inositol and mannitol into the left common carotid artery. From the CSF, the clearance of inositol relative to inulin was saturable after the intraventricular injection of various concentrations of inositol and inulin. Moreover, a portion of the inositol cleared from the CSF entered brain by a saturable mechanism. In vitro, choroid plexuses, isolated from rabbits and incubated in artificial CSF, accumulated [3-H-labeled myo-inositol against a concentration gradient by a specific, active, saturable process with a K-t of 0.2 mM inositol. These results were interpreted as showing that the entry of inositol into the central nervous system from blood is regulated by a saturable transport system, and that the locus of this system may be, in part, in the choroid plexus.

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