The role of nematode parasites in Soay sheep (Ovis ariesL.) mortality during a population crash

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. D. Gulland
Keyword(s):  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Soay Sheep ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Population Crash

SUMMARYIn early 1989, two-thirds of the Soay sheep population on St Kilda died over 12 weeks. Post-mortem examinations revealed emaciated carcasses and considerable nematode burdens, with protein-energy malnutrition as the probable cause of death. Haematological and blood biochemical changes in the sheep, as well as fecundity of gastrointestinal nematodes, suggested the hosts were immunosuppressed. In parallel, laboratory experiments in which Soay sheep on a high plane of nutrition were artificially infected withOstertagia circumcincta, showed no clinical signs or mortality when supporting worm burdens similar to those recorded in dead sheep on St Kilda. Anthelmintic treatment of a group of animals increased daily survival rates in ewes and male lambs, although treated animals became re-infected as the ‘crash’ progressed. It is suggested that parasites contribute to mortality in malnourished hosts, exacerbating the effects of food shortage.

Epidemiology of nematode infections of Soay sheep (Ovis aries L.) on St Kilda

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. D. Gulland ◽  
M. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Soay Sheep ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Population Crash ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts ◽  
Bad Weather

SUMMARYThe epidemiology of nematode infections of Soay sheep on the island of St Kilda over a period of 2 years (August 1988–August 1990) spanning a host population crash is described. Infective larvae (L3) levels on pasture were high (2422±365 L3/kg D.M. grass in midsummer 1988) when host population density was high, decreasing after the sheep population declined by 70% in early 1989 (601 ±14 L3/kg D.M. in midsummer 1989). The availability of infective larvae to sheep increased during the winter of 1988–1989, probably as a result of concentration of existing larvae on grass as vegetation was destroyed by bad weather and overgrazing. Increased availability of pre-parasitic stages was accompanied by a marked increased in faecal egg counts from sheep of all ages and both sexes. Prevalence and intensity of infection (faecal egg counts) were higher in males than females throughout the 2-year study (χ2 = 208.3, P < 0.005 and F1.2000 = 304, P < 0.001 respectively), except during the lambing periods, and decreased with age in both sexes. Changes in prevalence and intensity of strongyle infections were associated with changes in host population density. Prevalence and intensity of Dictyocaulus filaria larvae in faeces increased during the host population crash. Infection intensity decreased with age (F1.203 = 44.02, P < 0.001) and was higher in males than females (F1.203 = 13.45, P < 0.001).

scholarly journals Nutritional status changes in children with malignant solid tumor before and after chemotherapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Boris Januar ◽  
Sri S Nasar ◽  
Rulina Suradi ◽  
Maria Abdulsalam
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Albumin Level ◽  
Level Measurement ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Malignant Solid Tumor

Background Although aggressive multimodal treatment programsin childhood cancer have significantly increased survival rates, themorbidity caused by protein energy malnutrition related to therapyis still high.Objective To describe nutritional status changes in children withmalignant solid tumors after 21 days of chemotherapy.Methods A descriptive prospective study with pre- and post-testdesign in children with malignant solid tumors was conducted inthe Department of Child Health, Medical School University of In-donesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta between Janu-ary and July 2004. Anthropometrics (body weight, BW and mid-upper-arm circumference, MUAC) and serum albumin measure-ments were performed before and after 21 days of chemotherapy.Results Twenty-two children were enrolled in this study. After 21days of chemotherapy, 8 children had decreased BW and 6 chil-dren had decreased MUAC, but 3 children gained weight and hadincreased MUAC. Based on MUAC-for-age, 7 children had de-creased nutritional status. Fifteen children had reduced serum al-bumin levels based on a 10% cut-off point. The number of childrenwho had reduced serum albumin was larger than those who hadreduced BW and MUAC. In the evaluation of average oral foodconsumption during 21 days, 7 out of 16 children could acceptmore than 2/3 portion of served food. All of the children who re-ceived enteral feeding could accept more than 2/3 portion of servedfood.Conclusion There was a decrease of nutritional status, BW,MUAC, and serum albumin in most of the subjects after chemo-therapy. Serum albumin level measurement was the more sensi-tive parameter in determining nutritional status changes. Enteralfeeding seems more appropriate to fulfill nutritional needs than oralfeeding

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal nematode species burdens and host mortality in a feral sheep population

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. CRAIG ◽  
J. G. PILKINGTON ◽  
J. M. PEMBERTON
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Soay Sheep ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Host Mortality

Every few years a large proportion of the feral sheep on Hirta, St Kilda die due to food shortage. The effects of malnutrition are exacerbated by gastrointestinal nematodes. As found in sheep flocks in mainland Britain,Teladorsagia circumcinctahas long been considered the predominant and most pathogenic nematode species in all age classes of Soay sheep. Previous research indicated that intensity of this species showed a negative association with host age and comprised 75% of the entire gastrointestinal burden. Here we present new data that showTrichostrongylus axeiandTrichostrongylus vitrinusto be the predominant worm pathogens in young Soay sheep. In the present study,Trichostrongylusspp. burdens declined with host age whereasT. circumcinctaactually increased in burden over the first few age classes. Also, male hosts had significantly higher burdens ofTrichostrongylusspp. than females, with this genus making up a higher proportion of the strongyle egg producing community in male hosts than female hosts. These new findings raise questions concerning our previous interpretation of the main nematode species contributing to strongyle egg count in the population, and the contrasting infection patterns of these nematode species in unmanaged St Kilda Soay sheep compared with domestic sheep in mainland Britain.

scholarly journals A Scientific Review on Kuposhanajaya Vikara W.S.R. to Protein Energy Malnutrition and its Treatment in Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (1&2) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Sudheer Sharma ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Developmental Problems ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Protein Energy

The preservation of children’s health is the prime duty of humanity. In every country, children constitute a priority group. Current Indian population according to a survey is 1.21 billion. (2011census) and about 37.3% of total populations are children. Among which 158.8 million children are of 0-6 year’s age group (13.12 % of Indian population). The health status of adult population is a continuation of health status of children in terms of Growth, Nutrition and Development. Health of a child is a growing concern all over, with rapid economic growth and social changes both in developed and developing parts of the world. Therefore, vital importance towards these children is felt in need. Malnutrition mainly arises from inadequate diet and frequent infection, leading to insufficient intake of calories, protein, vitamins and minerals. Malnourished children suffer more frequent and severe infectious illnesses; furthermore, even mild under-nutrition increases a child’s risk of morbidity and mortality. Chronic under-nutrition in children can also lead to long-term developmental problems. Ahara Dosha is the main predisposing factor of this disorder and Alpasana and Vishamasana (false habits of intake) especially results in the development of Karshya. Meaning of Balasosha is “Emaciation of child”. According to Ayurvada it originates from nutritional deficiency in children, which is called as protein energy malnutrition . Although exact correlation of Balasosha with any specific disease of modern medicine is not possible but keeping in view the various clinical signs and symptoms of P.E.M., it can be equated with karshaya, phakka roga, parigarbhika, to some extent.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic effects of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) against gastrointestinal nematode parasites in experimentally infected cattle

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (10) ◽  
pp. 1279-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIGUEL PEÑA-ESPINOZA ◽  
STIG M. THAMSBORG ◽  
OLIVIER DESRUES ◽  
TINA V. A. HANSEN ◽  
HEIDI L. ENEMARK
Keyword(s):  
Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Ostertagia Ostertagi ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Cooperia Oncophora ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Worm Recovery ◽  
Third Stage

SUMMARYTwo experiments studied the effects of dietary chicory against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. In Experiment (Exp.) 1, stabled calves were fed chicory silage (CHI1;n= 9) or ryegrass/clover hay (CTL1;n= 6) with balanced protein/energy intakes between groups. After 16 days, all calves received 10 000Ostertagia ostertagiand 66 000Cooperia oncophorathird-stage larvae (L3) [day (D) 0 post-infection (p.i.)]. In Exp. 2, calves were assigned to pure chicory (CHI2;n=10) or ryegrass/clover (CTL2;n= 10) pastures. After 7 days, animals received 20 000O. ostertagiL3/calf (D0 p.i.) and were moved regularly preventing pasture-borne infections. Due to poor regrowth of the chicory pasture, CHI2was supplemented with chicory silage. At D40 p.i. (Exp. 1) and D35 p.i. (Exp. 2) calves were slaughtered for worm recovery. In Exp.1, fecal egg counts (FEC) were similar between groups. However,O. ostertagicounts were significantly reduced in CHI1by 60% (geometric mean;P< 0·01), whereasC. oncophoraburdens were unaffected (P= 0·12). In Exp. 2, FEC were markedly lowered in CHI2from D22 p.i onwards (P< 0·01).Ostertagia ostertagiadult burdens were significantly reduced in CHI2by 66% (P< 0·001). Sesquiterpene lactones were identified only in chicory (fresh/silage). Chicory shows promise as an anti-Ostertagiafeed for cattle and further studies should investigate its on-farm use.

scholarly journals A microsatellite polymorphism in the gamma interferon gene is associated with resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in a naturally-parasitized population of Soay sheep

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. COLTMAN ◽  
K. WILSON ◽  
J. G. PILKINGTON ◽  
M. J. STEAR ◽  
J. M. PEMBERTON
Keyword(s):  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Soay Sheep ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Trait Locus

Free-living Soay sheep (Ovis aries) on the island of Hirta, St Kilda, Scotland, are naturally parasitized by gastrointestinal nematodes, predominantlyTeladorsagia circumcincta. In this paper we show that reduced faecal egg counts (FEC) are associated with an allele at a microsatellite locus located in the first intron of the interferon gamma gene (o(IFN)-γ) in Soay sheep lambs and yearlings, measured at approximately 4 and 16 months of age, respectively. The same allele was also associated with increasedT. circumcincta-specific antibody (IgA) in lambs, but not associated significantly in yearlings. Flanking control markers failed to show a significant association with either FEC or IgA. These results suggest that a polymorphic gene conferring increased resistance to gastrointestinal nematode parasites is located at or near the interferon gamma gene, and support previous reports which have mapped a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for resistance to this region in domestic sheep. Our data are consistent with the idea that a functional polymorphism leading to reduced expression or efficacy of (IFN)-γ could enhance the immune response to gastrointestinal nematodes by favouring the activity of the Th2cell subset and antibody associated immune mechanisms.

IMPROVEMENT THE PROPERTIES OF YOGHURT USING LEGUMES TO THERAPY PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Abtsam M.F. Badr ◽  
D.A.M. Amer ◽  
M.Y.A. El- Hawary ◽  
A.M.A. Naem
Keyword(s):  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Protein Energy

scholarly journals Sarcopenic Obesity in Liver Cirrhosis: Possible Mechanism and Clinical Impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1917
Author(s):  
Hiroki Nishikawa ◽  
Hirayuki Enomoto ◽  
Shuhei Nishiguchi ◽  
Hiroko Iijima
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Sarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Clinical Consequences

The picture of chronic liver diseases (CLDs) has changed considerably in recent years. One of them is the increase of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. More and more CLD patients, even those with liver cirrhosis (LC), tend to be presenting with obesity these days. The annual rate of muscle loss increases with worsening liver reserve, and thus LC patients are more likely to complicate with sarcopenia. LC is also characterized by protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Since the PEM in LC can be invariable, the patients probably present with sarcopenic obesity (Sa-O), which involves both sarcopenia and obesity. Currently, there is no mention of Sa-O in the guidelines; however, the rapidly increasing prevalence and poorer clinical consequences of Sa-O are recognized as an important public health problem, and the diagnostic value of Sa-O is expected to increase in the future. Sa-O involves a complex interplay of physiological mechanisms, including increased inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, hormonal disorders, and decline of physical activity. The pathogenesis of Sa-O in LC is diverse, with a lot of perturbations in the muscle–liver–adipose tissue axis. Here, we overview the current knowledge of Sa-O, especially focusing on LC.

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