A Scientific Review on Kuposhanajaya Vikara W.S.R. to Protein Energy Malnutrition and its Treatment in Children

The preservation of children’s health is the prime duty of humanity. In every country, children constitute a priority group. Current Indian population according to a survey is 1.21 billion. (2011census) and about 37.3% of total populations are children. Among which 158.8 million children are of 0-6 year’s age group (13.12 % of Indian population). The health status of adult population is a continuation of health status of children in terms of Growth, Nutrition and Development. Health of a child is a growing concern all over, with rapid economic growth and social changes both in developed and developing parts of the world. Therefore, vital importance towards these children is felt in need. Malnutrition mainly arises from inadequate diet and frequent infection, leading to insufficient intake of calories, protein, vitamins and minerals. Malnourished children suffer more frequent and severe infectious illnesses; furthermore, even mild under-nutrition increases a child’s risk of morbidity and mortality. Chronic under-nutrition in children can also lead to long-term developmental problems. Ahara Dosha is the main predisposing factor of this disorder and Alpasana and Vishamasana (false habits of intake) especially results in the development of Karshya. Meaning of Balasosha is “Emaciation of child”. According to Ayurvada it originates from nutritional deficiency in children, which is called as protein energy malnutrition . Although exact correlation of Balasosha with any specific disease of modern medicine is not possible but keeping in view the various clinical signs and symptoms of P.E.M., it can be equated with karshaya, phakka roga, parigarbhika, to some extent.

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6. Under-nutrition

10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0006 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

David A. Bender

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

World Wide ◽

Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Muscle Loss ◽

Short Supply ◽

Under Nutrition ◽

Protein Energy ◽

Adults And Children ◽

Inability To Work

Severe under-nutrition is generally associated with developing countries where food is in short supply, affecting some 162 million people world-wide, but malnutrition is also seen in about 2 per cent of the population of developed countries. ‘Under-nutrition’ highlights the three conditions classified as protein-energy malnutrition: marasmus, which affects adults and children; kwashiorkor, which affects young children; and cachexia, which is associated with advanced cancer and other chronic diseases, and involves increased metabolic rate as well as reduced food intake. Malnutrition leads to impaired immune responses, predisposing to infection, and muscle loss resulting in increased fatiguability, inability to work, and falls.

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The role of nematode parasites in Soay sheep (Ovis ariesL.) mortality during a population crash

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000074679 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 105 (3) ◽

pp. 493-503 ◽

Cited By ~ 212

Author(s):

F. M. D. Gulland

Keyword(s):

Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Sheep Population ◽

Soay Sheep ◽

Nematode Parasites ◽

Blood Biochemical ◽

Protein Energy ◽

Population Crash

SUMMARYIn early 1989, two-thirds of the Soay sheep population on St Kilda died over 12 weeks. Post-mortem examinations revealed emaciated carcasses and considerable nematode burdens, with protein-energy malnutrition as the probable cause of death. Haematological and blood biochemical changes in the sheep, as well as fecundity of gastrointestinal nematodes, suggested the hosts were immunosuppressed. In parallel, laboratory experiments in which Soay sheep on a high plane of nutrition were artificially infected withOstertagia circumcincta, showed no clinical signs or mortality when supporting worm burdens similar to those recorded in dead sheep on St Kilda. Anthelmintic treatment of a group of animals increased daily survival rates in ewes and male lambs, although treated animals became re-infected as the ‘crash’ progressed. It is suggested that parasites contribute to mortality in malnourished hosts, exacerbating the effects of food shortage.

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Maternal health profile of children with severe acute malnutrition admitted in NRC’s of Bhopal

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183384 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. 3820

Author(s):

Padma Bhatia ◽

Soumitra Sethia ◽

Veena Melwani ◽

Mahesh Gupta ◽

Angelin Priya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Maternal Health ◽

Maternal Nutrition ◽

Severe Acute Malnutrition ◽

Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽

The Body ◽

Acute Malnutrition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Protein Energy ◽

Study Participants

Background: Protein energy malnutrition is the most widely prevalent form of malnutrition among under-five children. Factors responsible for malnutrition in India comprise of low birth weight, maternal health problems, delay in introduction of complementary feeds, faulty child care and other poor environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the health status of mothers of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) children admitted in three NRC’s of Bhopal.Methods: A cross-sectional record based study was done on mothers of 255 children up to 5 year of age who were admitted with SAM in the three NRC of Bhopal district. Details were filled in a questionnaire. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated and graded according to the WHO classification.Results: The mean age of study participants was 24.8 years, mean BMI was 18.5, mean Hb was 10.4 g/dl. According to the BMI, 147 (57.7%) of the mothers were underweight, out of them 43 (16.8%) were severely thin. Anemia was present in 90% mothers, out of which 80% were moderately anemic and 11 (4.3%) was severely anemic, anemia and BMI of mothers have a significant correlation. At the time of the study, 65 (26%) mothers had more than two children and 113 mothers had two children.Conclusions: The health status of mothers indicates that they are undernourished and anemic with lower parity and age. It is therefore recommended that during the 14-21 day stay of SAM child maternal nutrition should be emphasized upon along with counselling sessions.

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Socioeconomic determinants of protein and calorie consumption and potential risk of protein-energy malnutrition among households in South-West Nigeria

International Journal of Social Economics ◽

10.1108/ijse-10-2012-0196 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 75-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dare Akerele ◽

Mohammed Kebiru Ibrahim ◽

Samuel Adewuyi

Keyword(s):

Protein Intake ◽

Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽

School Age Children ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

School Age ◽

Content Type ◽

Under Nutrition ◽

Protein Energy ◽

Household Members ◽

Per Capita

Purpose – The study aimed to investigate the problem of malnutrition among Nigerian households with emphasis on protein and calorie intake. Design/methodology/approach – Multi-stage random sampling approach was used to select 321 household members drawn from a total of 80 households. A combination of descriptive and inferential statistics was applied in analysing the data. Findings – The study revealed that household income, dependency ratio, education and gender of household head, among others, are factors that would significantly influence per capita daily calorie and protein intake of households. Protein-energy malnutrition is more of inadequate calorie than protein intake. There was confirmatory evidence of inadequate consumption of calorie among pre-school and school age children, while adult male members seemed to consume the above requirements with the possibility of being at the risk of obesity. Though children were undernourished, they are unlikely to be marasmic. Originality/value – The study examined the problem of malnutrition among Nigerian households with emphasis on protein and calorie intake. Socio-economic factors influencing per capita calorie and protein intakes as well as the possible risks of protein-energy malnutrition among household members were also examined. The patterns of intake of calorie and protein consumption among household members indicated the possibility of over-nutrition and under-nutrition coexisting among members of the households with over-nutrition and potential risks of obesity in adult males and under-nutrition among pre-school and school age children.

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Edible Insects: Future of Human Food - A Review

International Letters of Natural Sciences ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.26.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Partha Pal ◽

Spandita Roy

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽

Scale Insects ◽

Food Sources ◽

True Bugs ◽

Under Nutrition ◽

Protein Energy ◽

The Status ◽

Global Food ◽

Global Food Crisis

The practice of eating insects is known as entomophagy. Many animals, such as spiders, lizards and birds, are entomophagous, as are many insects. People throughout the world have been eating insects as a regular part of their diets for millennia. As people in rural areas suffer from under nutrition, especially protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in Africa, Latin America and Asia, alternative nutritional food sources are needed. From ants to beetle larvae – eaten by tribes in Africa and Australia as part of their subsistence diets – to the popular, crispy-fried locusts and beetles enjoyed in Thailand, it is estimated that insect-eating is practised regularly by at least 2 billion people worldwide. More than 1900 insect species have been documented in literature as edible, most of them in tropical countries. The most commonly eaten insect groups are beetles, caterpillars, bees, wasps, ants, grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, cicadas, leaf and plant hoppers, scale insects and true bugs, termites, dragonflies and flies. The purpose of the present review is to determine the status of present research in the context of the potentiality of insects as alternative food source to cope up with the emerging problem of global food crisis

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The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Protein Energy Malnutrition among under Five Year Children in Pediatric OPDs of Public Health Institution in Yirgalem Town, Southern Ethiopia, 2017

10.6000/1929-4247.2019.08.02.4 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 65-73

Author(s):

Kaleab Tesfaye Tegegne ◽

◽

Iyasu Estiphanos Berisha

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Under Nutrition ◽

Protein Energy ◽

Public Health Institutions ◽

Health Institutions

ntroduction: Protein energy malnutrition is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under the age of five in developing countries. Ethiopia being one of these countries malnutrition is an important public health problem and among the highest in the world Objectives: The main objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and associated factors of protein energy malnutrition among under-five children in pediatric OPDs of public health institutions at Yirgalem town, Dale woreda, Sidama zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia from September 18-26, 2017. Methodology: Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted in pediatric OPDs of public health institutions in Yirgalem town, on a total of 204 children age less than five years from September 18-26, 2017. Study subjects were selected by using quota sampling technique. Interviewer administered structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were used to collect data. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20.0statistical software. Result: This study indicated that the prevalence of stunting wasting and Under-weight was 41.2%, 1.7% and 25% respectively. Factors showed statistically significant association in multivariate analysis were family planning use by mother, children eat together with older siblings and exclusive breast feeding with P-value (0.02), (0.036) and (0.002) respectively. Conclusion: This study reviled that the prevalence of stunting, wasting and under-weight were higher among under-five children participated in this study. Thus children are at a higher risk of under nutrition related morbidity and mortality. Further progress in under nutrition prevention can be achieved by specifically targeting children at their early age and conducting tailored public education to improve the nutritional status of the study subjects.

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Effect of primary protein-energy malnutrition on the in vitro synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Immunology Letters ◽

10.1016/s0165-2478(97)88531-8 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 56 (1-3) ◽

pp. 417

Author(s):

I MalavÃ©

Keyword(s):

Interleukin 6 ◽

Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽

In Vitro Synthesis ◽

Protein Energy

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THE 2019 NOVEL PANDEMIC OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19): A STUDY OF EXISTING EVIDENCE IN THE INDIAN POPULATION

Era s journal of medical research ◽

10.24041/ejmr2020.33 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 199-204

Author(s):

Shrikant Verma ◽

Mohammad Abbas ◽

Sushma Verma ◽

Syed Tasleem Raza ◽

Farzana Mahdi

Keyword(s):

Disease Transmission ◽

Indian Population ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Public Health Emergency ◽

The World ◽

And Control ◽

General Wellbeing ◽

Different Parts

A novel spillover coronavirus (nCoV), with its epicenter in Wuhan, China's People's Republic, has emerged as an international public health emergency. This began as an outbreak in December 2019, and till November eighth, 2020, there have been 8.5 million affirmed instances of novel Covid disease2019 (COVID-19) in India, with 1,26,611 deaths, resulting in an overall case fatality rate of 1.48 percent. Coronavirus clinical signs are fundamentally the same as those of other respiratory infections. In different parts of the world, the quantity of research center affirmed cases and related passings are rising consistently. The COVID- 19 is an arising pandemic-responsible viral infection. Coronavirus has influenced huge parts of the total populace, which has prompted a global general wellbeing crisis, setting all health associations on high attentive. This review sums up the overall landmass, virology, pathogenesis, the study of disease transmission, clinical introduction, determination, treatment, and control of COVID-19 with the reference to India.

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