Neutral lipids and the assessment of infectivity in entomopathogenic nematodes: observations on four Steinernema species

Parasitology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. PATEL ◽  
M. STOLINSKI ◽  
D. J. WRIGHT
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Lipid Utilization ◽  
Neutral Lipid Content ◽  
Visual Index ◽  
Oil Red O Staining ◽  
Oil Red O

An 8-point visual index was developed for Oil Red O staining of neutral lipids in infective juveniles (IJs) of Steinernema carpocapsae (All), S. riobravis (Biosys 355), S. feltiae (UK76) and S. glaseri (NC). The visual index was found to be a reliable and rapid method for determining the relative neutral lipid content of individual IJs and was validated quantitatively by gas chromatography. The relationship between neutral lipid utilization and infectivity of IJs stored in distilled water at 25°C was also investigated and the first quantitative results on neutral lipid utilization in entomopathogenic nematodes are reported. Neutral lipid contents of freshly harvested IJs of S. carpocapsae, S. riobravis, S. feltiae and S. glaseri were 31, 31, 24 and 26% dry wt, respectively. Steinernema carpocapsae showed a sigmoidal pattern for neutral lipid utilization while S. riobravis used neutral lipids at an almost constant rate. Survivorship of these two species ranged between 120 and 135 days, whereas S. feltiae and S. glaseri lived >450 days and had a slower rate of lipid utilization during a 260 day storage period. Oil Red O staining showed that individual IJs in each population utilized lipids at different rates, even though they had the same initial lipid index. The infectivity of S. riobravis, S. feltiae and S. glaseri declined with lipid utilization. In contrast, S. carpocapsae maintained a high level of infectivity even at relatively low lipid levels. Therefore, neutral lipid content was found to be a suitable indicator of infectivity for S. riobravis, S. feltiae and S. glaseri but not for S. carpocapsae.

Starvation-induced lipid reserve depletion in Pratylenchus brachyurus leads to decreased infectivity in maize roots

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Paula S. Alves ◽  
Willian C. Terra ◽  
Giselle B. Pinto ◽  
Paulo V.M. Pacheco ◽  
Bárbhara J.R. Fatobene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Neutral Lipid Content ◽  
Pratylenchus Brachyurus ◽  
Waiting Periods ◽  
Oil Red O

Summary Nematode body neutral lipid (triacylglycerol) content has been related to infectivity and has direct implications in control strategies. In this study, Pratylenchus brachyurus populations were split into two groups: i) freshly hatched second-stage juveniles (J2) containing lipids stored during embryogenesis; ii) third- and fourth-stage juveniles (J3/J4) plus females that replenished their lipid reserves by feeding on maize (Zea mays) roots. These groups were subjected to starvation to study their lipid consumption dynamics by staining with Oil Red O, which binds specifically to neutral lipids. Before starvation, freshly hatched J2 had 27% of their body area stained, whereas J3/J4 and females had 75%. Freshly hatched J2 starved for 28 days at 25°C in water lost 63.8% of the original neutral lipid content, which caused a reduction of 91% of infectivity in maize roots. By contrast, J3/J4 and females exposed to the same conditions lost 56.7% of the original neutral lipid content, which resulted in less than 50% reduction in infectivity. During the period of food deprivation, J2 had a mean daily neutral lipid consumption rate of 0.63% and the other infectious stages (J3/J4 and females) had a mean daily neutral lipid consumption rate of 1.46% per day. This study adds information on the dynamics of lipid utilisation that supports the use of longer waiting periods for planting crops after fallow in soils infested with P. brachyurus as compared to Meloidogyne spp.-infested soils.

Correlations among methods to estimate lipid reserves of second-stage juveniles and its relationships with infectivity and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando da Silva Rocha ◽  
Vicente Paulo Campos ◽  
Hugo César Rodrigues Moreira Catão ◽  
Maria de Fátima Silva Muniz ◽  
Nody Civil
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Lipid ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Neutral Lipid Content ◽  
Oil Red O ◽  
Lipid Index

We studied the correlations between the processes used to estimate the body lipid of second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne exigua and M. incognita, and the infectivity and reproduction of the M. incognita J2. The lipids were quantified by image analysis of the area stained red with Oil Red O dye and by the dark area of the non-stained J2. The content of neutral lipids of stained J2 of M. exigua and M. incognita correlated positively to the lipid index, body mass lipid and the dark area of J2. The period of incubation of J2 decreased the neutral lipids content and correlated significantly with the reductions of infectivity and reproduction. The period of 6 days incubation of M. incognita resulted in losses of more than 50% of the neutral lipid content, representing the threshold period for infectivity on tomato, whereas, for reproduction, the threshold was 3 days incubation.

scholarly journals Cell type-specific lipid storage changes in Parkinson’s disease patient brains are recapitulated by experimental glycolipid disturbance

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (44) ◽  
pp. 27646-27654
Author(s):  
Oeystein Roed Brekk ◽  
Jonathan R. Honey ◽  
Seungil Lee ◽  
Penelope J. Hallett ◽  
Ole Isacson
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Disease Patient ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neutral Lipid Content

Neurons are dependent on proper trafficking of lipids to neighboring glia for lipid exchange and disposal of potentially lipotoxic metabolites, producing distinct lipid distribution profiles among various cell types of the central nervous system. Little is known of the cellular distribution of neutral lipids in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and its relationship to inflammatory signaling. This study aimed to determine human PD SN neutral lipid content and distribution in dopaminergic neurons, astrocytes, and microglia relative to age-matched healthy subject controls. The results show that while total neutral lipid content was unchanged relative to age-matched controls, the levels of whole SN triglycerides were correlated with inflammation-attenuating glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) signaling in human PD SN. Histological localization of neutral lipids using a fluorescent probe (BODIPY) revealed that dopaminergic neurons and midbrain microglia significantly accumulated intracellular lipids in PD SN, while adjacent astrocytes had a reduced lipid load overall. This pattern was recapitulated by experimental in vivo inhibition of glucocerebrosidase activity in mice. Agents or therapies that restore lipid homeostasis among neurons, astrocytes, and microglia could potentially correct PD pathogenesis and disease progression.

scholarly journals Neutral Lipid Content in Lipid Droplets: Potential Biomarker of Cordycepin Accumulation in Cordycepin-Producing Fungi

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
pp. 3363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Qin ◽  
ZhiYe Wang ◽  
DengXue Lu ◽  
HongMei Kang ◽  
Guang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Fluorescence Intensity ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Relative Fluorescence Intensity ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Neutral Lipid Content

To clarify the relationship between neutral lipid content and cordycepin accumulation in Cordyceps militaris, mutants were generated from mixed spores of two C. militaris strains with varying cordycepin-producing capacities. Fifteen stable mutants producing from 0.001 to 2.363 mg/mL cordycepin were finally selected. The relative fluorescence intensities of the 15 mutants, two C. militaris strains and an Aspergillus nidulans strain at different concentrations of lyophilized mycelium powder were then investigated using the Nile red method. The mutant CM1-1-1 with the highest relative fluorescence intensity among the eighteen strains was selected for optimizing the Nile red method. Relative fluorescence intensity was linearly correlated with cordycepin concentration in liquid broth (R2 = 0.9514) and in lyophilized mycelium powder (R2 = 0.9378) for the 18 cordycepin-producing strains under identical culture conditions and with cordycepin concentration in liquid broth (R2 = 0.9727) and in lyophilized mycelium powder (R2 = 0.9613) for CM1-1-1 under eight different sets of conditions. In addition, the cordycepin content in lyophilized mycelium powder measured by the Nile red method was linearly correlated with that determined by an HPLC method (R2 = 0.9627). In conclusion, neutral lipids in lipid droplets are required during cordycepin accumulation; these neutral lipids are potential biomarkers of cordycepin biosynthesis.

NEUTRAL LIPID CONTENT AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF 1,2-DIACYLGLYCEROLS IN THE HEMOLYMPH OF THE MALE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR L. (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Marshall Clark ◽  
J.R. Marion ◽  
L.J. Scarano ◽  
T.L. Potter ◽  
P.F. Gosselin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Neutral Lipid Content

AbstractQualitative and quantitative changes in the neutral lipid content of hemolymph of gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L., were assayed in larval, pupal, and adult stages. The major neutral lipid constituents of the hemolymph were 1,2-diacylglycerols and ranged in nominal concentration from 1.6–3.4 (larval), 3.1–4.9(pupal),toamaximumof 19.3 μg lipid per microlitre hemolymph in the adult male. When detected, triacylglycerols and monoacylglycerols never exceed diacylglycerol concentrations. The fatty acid composition of 1,2-diacylglycerols from adult male moths (0–12 h after emergence) was determined as fatty acid methyl esters using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Nine fatty acid structures have been assigned. Of these, five are saturated, unbranched, aliphatic fatty acids (C14:0 – C18:0) which comprise 80.5% of the total fatty acid abundance. The remaining four fatty acids consist of two saturated, methyl-branched, aliphatic compounds, a mono-unsaturated aliphatic acid, and a tri-unsaturated, tricyclic, diterpenoid acid.

Pairing and aggregation of Amblosoma suwaense (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae) metacercariae in vitro and partial characterization of lipids involved in chemo-attraction

Parasitology ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fried ◽  
G. A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Sterol Ester ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Sterol Esters ◽  
Free Sterols ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Oil Red O

SUMMARYHistochemical and thin-layer chromatographic (t.l.c.) analyses were made on neutral lipids in the free (unencysted) metacercariae of Amblosoma suwaense (Brachylaimidae). As determined by t.l.c. the major neutral lipid fractions in metacercariae removed directly from Campeloma decisum snails were free sterols and sterol esters. Metacercariae incubated for 1 h at 37±1° C in sterile Locke's solution released mainly sterol esters and a lesser amount of free sterols into the medium. As determined by Oil Red O (ORO) staining, metacercariae accumulated neutral lipid in the intestinal caeca during incubation and the excretory system was ORO negative. Behavioural studies showed that metacereariae paired and aggregated in vitro and were attracted to lipophilic but not to hydrophilic worm products. Following t.l.c. preparative analysis it was demonstrated that metacercariae were attracted to sterol ester worm products but not to free sterol products.

Enhancing neutral lipid content in Skeletonema marinoi through multiple phase growth in a bench photobioreactor

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bertozzini ◽  
Luca Galluzzi ◽  
Antonella Penna ◽  
Mauro Magnani
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Phase Growth ◽  
Multiple Phase ◽  
Neutral Lipid Content ◽  
Skeletonema Marinoi

The effect of long term storage on the lipid reserves and fatty acid composition of cysts and hatched juveniles of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Holz ◽  
D.J. Wright ◽  
R.N. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Neutral Lipid Fraction ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Acidic Phospholipids

AbstractThe lipid composition of three batches of single generation cysts of Globodera rostochiensis, stored dry at 4°C for 1,7 and 13 years, comprised 81%, 74% and 53% neutral lipids, 14%, 18% and 27% non-acidic phospholipids and 5%, 8% and 20% free fatty acids, respectively. Lipids in eggs from two batches of G. pallida cysts, stored for 3 and 7 years, comprised 80% and 67% neutral lipids, 15% and 23% non-acidic phospholipids and 5% and 10% free fatty acids, respectively. All batches contained the same fatty acids which were dominated by C18:l, C20:l and C20:4. The fatty acid profiles of hatched J2 of G. rostochiensis from two batches, stored for 1 and 9 years, differed only in their free fatty acid fractions. Thus, while it is not possible to determine the age of cysts by their fatty acid profile, it may be possible to use the relative amounts of the main lipid classes as an indicator of age. Four batches of hatched J2 of G. pallida were investigated, with sample A hatched during the second week in potato root diffusate, B during week 3, C during week 4 and D during weeks 5 and 6 and stored for 3.5 days (on average) after hatching. Total lipid content was 27.2%, 31.5%, 18.5% and 6.3% of the dry weight for A, B, C and D, respectively. In the neutral lipid fraction of D an increase in C18:l and to a lesser extent C18:2 was observed. In the free fatty acid fraction of sample D, the percentages of C18:l, C18:2 and C18:3 were greater but the percentages of C20:3 and C20:4 were smaller compared with sample C. Fresh early hatched J2 of G. rostochiensis were compared with later hatched and stored (for 13 days on average) individuals for their lipid content and fatty acid composition. The lipid content was 26.1% and 11.4% in fresh and stored J2, respectively. Total lipid consisted of 77% and 70% neutral lipid, 18% and 26% non-acidic phospholipid and 6% and 4% free fatty acid in fresh and stored J2, respectively. In the neutral lipid fraction of stored J2 C18:l, C16:0 and C18:0 increased, whereas C20:4, C20:l and C20:3 decreased. Therefore, both neutral lipid and free fatty acid fractions showed changes in their fatty acid profiles after long delayed hatching and/or storage in both PCN species.

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