James Rennell and British Arctic expeditions, 1818–1829

Polar Record ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 29 (170) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwyn Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Ocean Currents ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Arctic Exploration ◽  
Stark Contrast ◽  
Deep Interest

ABSTRACTDuring the resurgence of Arctic exploration in the early years of the nineteenth century, James Rennell was the leading British geographer. He had a deep interest in exploration, and was a close friend of many naval and scientific men involved in Arctic research. Rennell used the observations of a number of explorers in his major work on the currents of the Atlantic — the first scientific treatise on ocean currents. These observations led Rennell to form opinions on where northwest passages would and would not be found, in particular, that Prince Regent Inlet would prove to be a cul-de-sac. Rennell was also doubtful of the practicality and usefulness of such passages — his brief, commonsense dismissal being in stark contrast to many statements of his contemporaries. This paper sets out his relationship with the explorers of the time and his role as a scientific interpreter of their data.

Songs of the spirit from Dufftown

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-54
Author(s):  
Shelagh Noden
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Liturgical Music

Following the Scottish Catholic Relief Act of 1793, Scottish Catholics were at last free to break the silence imposed by the harsh penal laws, and attempt to reintroduce singing into their worship. At first opposed by Bishop George Hay, the enthusiasm for liturgical music took hold in the early years of the nineteenth century, but the fledgling choirs were hampered both by a lack of any tradition upon which to draw, and by the absence of suitable resources. To the rescue came the priest-musician, George Gordon, a graduate of the Royal Scots College in Valladolid. After his ordination and return to Scotland he worked tirelessly in forming choirs, training organists and advising on all aspects of church music. His crowning achievement was the production, at his own expense, of a two-volume collection of church music for the use of small choirs, which remained in use well into the twentieth century.

The Origin of Punch and Judy: A New Clue?

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-206
Author(s):  
George Speaight
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Commedia Dell'arte ◽  
General Opinion

The general opinion, voiced on instinct rather than conclusive evidence, has been that the Punch and Judy show came from Italy. The name Punch is clearly derived, via Punchinello (1667), Polichinello (1666), and Policinella (1664), from Pulcinella, the commedia dell'arte character who originated in Naples about 1600. Prints in abundance show a puppet performance, resembling Punch and Judy, in Naples, Rome and Venice in the eighteenth and the early years of the nineteenth century. And one of the earliest, and perhaps the earliest Punch performer on the streets of London was an Italian, Piccini by name, whose show was immortalized by George Cruikshank's drawings and, to a lesser extent, by Payne Collier's edited text in 1828.

FABLES FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF YOUTH PUBLISHED IN BOSTON IN 1818

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Cone
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
School Children ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Open Books ◽  
Moral Instruction ◽  
Almost All

In the early years of the nineteenth century William Perry's The Only Sure Guide to the English Tongue, published by Isaiah Thomas, Jr., was the most widely used speller and reader in New England schools (Fig. 1). The two things in Perry's book that were said to have most impressed those who learned to spell and read from it were the frontispiece (Fig. 2) and the collection of fables. The frontispiece shows a tree of learning growing in a schoolyard, and groups of boys playing in its shadow. A ladder reaches into the branches and several boys with open books in their hands are climbing up the ladder into branches of the tree. The illustrated fables found toward the end of Perry's book were studied and memorized by almost all New England school children a century and a half ago. Perry's choice of fables, one of which will be published each month, will offer an excellent view of the kind of moral instruction our children were once taught.1

Chapter 6 Decline in the North in the Early Nineteenth Century

2004 ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Gordon Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Sudden Expansion ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The North

The ending of the Napoleonic war in 1815 was not followed by the same sort of bounding activity as followed the ending of the previous war in 1783, for two very obvious reasons. The sudden expansion after 1783 had resulted chiefly from the changed relationship between Britain and America; and the last few years of the Napoleonic war had themselves witnessed both "recovery" and prosperity in the whaling trade which preceded the normal return to peace-time activities. The year 1808 had been one of appalling depression in overseas trade when, because of restrictions imposed for war purposes, ports all over the country came virtually to a standstill. The whaling trade had suffered with the rest, and the prosperity of the early years of the century was briefly interrupted. Only fifty-six ships sailed for the Northern Fishery in 1808, and only nineteen for the Southern, though the aggregate value of their catches - as usually happened - remained disproportionately high....

scholarly journals ‘Busy, Without Thimbles, at the Needlework’: Men’s Sewing and Masculinity on the Victorian Goldfields, 1851–1861

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Lorinda Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Domestic Practices ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Female Occupation ◽  
Female Experience

Abstract Australia’s gold-rush history has long been dominated by narratives of male adventure: of landscapes where men lived side by side, mateship took on increasing importance in the pursuit of gold, masculine behaviours and manners were emphasized and domesticity was shunned. In the early years of the rich discoveries of gold, men often travelled alone to the colony of Victoria in their search for wealth. This article examines a situation this unique environment created: where men unaccompanied by women – although women, too, were present on the diggings – were required to adopt practices perceived as feminine. It focuses in on needlework to explore the tensions that emerged given sewing was a defining female occupation during the nineteenth century, inhabiting a central place in the female experience. As this article highlights, sewing became an essential practice for men on the Victorian goldfields in order to keep themselves clothed, warm and dry. I consider how men approached their sewing tasks given needlework’s inextricable link with women, and the various strategies they used to frame their sewing in letters, diaries and memoirs – sometimes for close friends and family alone, and other times for wider dissemination. Drawing on sociological frameworks on constructions of gender, masculinity and manliness, I then consider how a shifting engagement with domestic practices may have strengthened rather than challenged identity on the goldfields.

Sir Hugh Cairns KBE MD FRCS (1896–1952): Neurosurgeon

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H Schurr
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Surgical Technique ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Harvey Cushing ◽  
Neurological Surgery ◽  
Insufficient Knowledge

The pioneers of neurosurgery in nineteenth century Britain, such as Macewen and Horsley, were hampered by insufficient knowledge of neurology and neurophysiology, inadequate anaesthesia, and an underdeveloped surgical technique. By the early years of this century, however, advances had taken place which were seized upon by Harvey Cushing, the American who became the father of modern neurological surgery. Three people were the pillars upon which British neurosurgery has stood: if Norman Dott was the best technician among them and Sir Geoffrey Jefferson the most genial and philosophical, it was Sir Hugh Cairns (Figure 1) who was the greatest teacher1. Cairns had an attractive personality combined with infinite drive and dedication. He allowed nothing to stand in his way if he felt that what he was doing was right. He was a man who inspired his colleagues with respect and devotion and who served his patients and the institutions with which he worked with incredible energy and determination.

H. Steinthal: A Psychologist of the Jewish People

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-296
Author(s):  
Naoki Mukai
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Wilhelm Von Humboldt ◽  
Bible Studies ◽  
Psychological Study ◽  
Religion Of Reason ◽  
Wissenschaft Des Judentums

Abstract This paper deals with the concept of Judaism by H. Steinthal (1823–1899), a renowned linguist in nineteenth-century Germany and a lecturer at the Hochschule für Wissenschaft des Judentums. The first part (sections 1–3) outlines his early education and scholarly development with regard to Völkerpsychologie, which strives to clarify the mental characteristics of peoples in the richness and pletitude of their diversity. Through his intensive study of the works by Wilhelm von Humboldt, Steinthal constructed his own theory of linguistics, which would play a crucial role in that socio-psychological study of the culture represented by the discipline of Völkerpsychologie. The second part (sections 4–6) discusses in the main Steinthal’s commitment to Judaism in regard to personal, public and cultural aspects. Throughout this part of the paper, the role of emotional elements within his concept of Judaism is emphasized. As Dieter Adelman has pointed out, the notion of devotion (Andacht) constitutes the crux of his view on religious practice, even if Steinthal offered a quite rational (and almost atheistic) concept of religion, inclusive of Judaism. Section 6 explores Steinthal’s treatise on Deuteronomy (Das fünfte Buch Mose/Die erzählende Stücke im fünften Buch Mose) as a work of Völkerpsychologie. In this treatise, Steinthal sought to find a coherency of Deuteronomy, which originally consists of various sources, as Bible studies had revealed already in the mid-nineteenth century. Steinthal found it in the prosaic style of Deuteronomy, which he characterized as ‘charming’ and ‘endearing’, and it marked for him the birth of Jewish national literature and Jewish national spirit or national mind (Volksgeist). In conclusion, his treatise is reconsidered in its historical context. It was a challenge to reconstruct a synthetic view of Jewish literature, after Bible studies and the Wissenschaft des Judentums had pointed up the great variety and diversity within the history of Jews. Hermann Cohen succeeded in this task, building on Steinthal, in his major work, Religion of Reason Out of the Sources of Judaism.

The Central Legislative Councils in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Reform Movement Before 1876

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanford J. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Process Of Change ◽  
Local Levels

When the Ottoman Parliament was first elected and organized in 1876–8, surprised Europeans tended to assume that this institution was a direct result of European example and European pressure. Indeed, from that day to the present, it has been assumed that this was, in fact, the first Ottoman parliament, the first Ottoman effort at representative government, and the first experiment at involving the subjects of the Sultan in the process of rule, traditionally restricted only to members of his Ruling Class. Yet in fact this Parliament was the culmination of a century-long process of change which had been taking place in the Ottoman body politic since the early years of Sultan Selim III (1789–1807). It might well be argued that if the Parliament of 1876–8 was a failure, it was because of the failure of those who constructed it to rely sufficiently on this previous experience in representative government and legislation instead of simply imitating the European example. The representative legislative and executive institutions developed by the nineteenth century Ottoman reformers on the provincial and local levels will be discussed in a separate study. It is the object of this article to describe the same development in the central Ottoman government during the period of the Tanzimat (1839–76), to provide additional background for subsequent studies of the fate of Ottoman constitutionalism in the years which followed.

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