Nutrition and the Brain. Volume 3. Disorders of Eating and Nutrients in Treatment of Brain Diseases. (Pp. 309, 222, 474; illustrated; $38.35, $29.90, $51.35.) Raven Press: New York. 1979. - Nutrition and the Brain. Volume 4. Toxic Effects of Food Constituents on the Brain. Both edited by R. J. Wurtman and J. J. Wurtman. (Pp. 309, 222, 474; illustrated; $38.35, $29.90, $51.35.) Raven Press: New York. 1979. - Nutrition and the Brain. Volume 5. Choline and Lecithin in Brain Disorders. Edited by A. Barbeau, J. H. Growdon and R. J. Wurtman. (Pp. 309, 222, 474; illustrated; $38.35, $29.90, $51.35.) Raven Press: New York. 1979.

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-390
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals ON MENTAL ILLNESS AND BROKEN BRAINS

Think ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (58) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Anneli Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Brain Cancer ◽  
World View ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Empirical Question ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTWe often hear that certain mental disorders are disorders of the brain, but it is not clear what this claim amounts to. Does it mean that they are like classic brain diseases such as brain cancer? I argue that this is not the case for most mental disorders. Neither does the claim that all mental disorders are brain disorders follow from a materialist world-view. The only plausible way of understanding mental disorders as brain disorders is a fairly modest one, where we label brain differences we find in mental illness as pathological based on their link to mental dysfunction. How many mental disorders will turn out to be brain disorders on this understanding is an empirical question.

scholarly journals Peptide Mediated Brain Delivery of Nano- and Submicroparticles: A Synergistic Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 1366-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark McCully ◽  
Macarena Sanchez-Navarro ◽  
Meritxell Teixido ◽  
Ernest Giralt
Keyword(s):  
High Loading ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Delivery ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Delivery Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Current State ◽  
Synergistic Approach ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Gain Access

The brain is a complex, regulated organ with a highly controlled access mechanism: The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). The selectivity of this barrier is a double-edged sword, being both its greatest strength and weakness. This weakness is evident when trying to target therapeutics against diseases within the brain. Diseases such as metastatic brain cancer have extremely poor prognosis due to the poor permeability of many therapeutics across the BBB. Peptides can be designed to target BBB receptors and gain access to the brain by transcytosis. These peptides (known as BBB-shuttles) can carry compounds, usually excluded from the brain, across the BBB. BBB-shuttles are limited by poor loading of therapeutics and degradation of the peptide and cargo. Likewise, nano- submicro- and microparticles can be fine-tuned to limit their degradation and with high loading of therapeutics. However, most nano- and microparticles’ core materials completely lack efficient targeting, with a few selected materials able to cross the BBB passively. Combining the selectivity of peptides with the high loading potential of nano-, microparticles offers an exciting strategy to develop novel, targeted therapeutics towards many brain disorders and diseases. Nevertheless, at present the field is diverse, in both scope and nomenclature, often with competing or contradictory names. In this review, we will try to address some of these issues and evaluate the current state of peptide mediated nano,-microparticle transport to the brain, analyzing delivery vehicle type and peptide design, the two key components that must act synergistically for optimal therapeutic impact.

scholarly journals Histamine N-Methyltransferase in the Brain

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeo Yoshikawa ◽  
Tadaho Nakamura ◽  
Kazuhiko Yanai
Keyword(s):  
High Specificity ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Histamine Concentration ◽  
Brain Histamine ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Brain Barrier Permeability ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Brain histamine is a neurotransmitter and regulates diverse physiological functions. Previous studies have shown the involvement of histamine depletion in several neurological disorders, indicating the importance of drug development targeting the brain histamine system. Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) is a histamine-metabolising enzyme expressed in the brain. Although pharmacological studies using HNMT inhibitors have been conducted to reveal the direct involvement of HNMT in brain functions, HNMT inhibitors with high specificity and sufficient blood–brain barrier permeability have not been available until now. Recently, we have phenotyped Hnmt-deficient mice to elucidate the importance of HNMT in the central nervous system. Hnmt disruption resulted in a robust increase in brain histamine concentration, demonstrating the essential role of HNMT in the brain histamine system. Clinical studies have suggested that single nucleotide polymorphisms of the human HNMT gene are associated with several brain disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Postmortem studies also have indicated that HNMT expression is altered in human brain diseases. These findings emphasise that an increase in brain histamine levels by novel HNMT inhibitors could contribute to the improvement of brain disorders.

scholarly journals Human Brain Disorders: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
Falaq Naz ◽  
Yasir Hasan Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structure And Functions

Background: Due to the stressful life, brain disorders are considered as a significant global healthcare problem. It has generated a great need for continuous research for understanding brain structure as well as functions in context to health and diseases. Scope and Approach: The structure and functions of the brain were questioned and studied since Ancient Greek times and led to the compilation of enormous information on the subject globally. With the advent of new technology, the researchers are able to discover the causes of brain diseases/disorders. Conclusion: In the present review, we have compiled various diseases and disorders related to the brain, along with their symptoms and the treatment strategies.

A new method to predict anomaly in brain network based on graph deep learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 681-689
Author(s):  
Jalal Mirakhorli ◽  
Hamidreza Amindavar ◽  
Mojgan Mirakhorli
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
High Order ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging a neuroimaging technique which is used in brain disorders and dysfunction studies, has been improved in recent years by mapping the topology of the brain connections, named connectopic mapping. Based on the fact that healthy and unhealthy brain regions and functions differ slightly, studying the complex topology of the functional and structural networks in the human brain is too complicated considering the growth of evaluation measures. One of the applications of irregular graph deep learning is to analyze the human cognitive functions related to the gene expression and related distributed spatial patterns. Since a variety of brain solutions can be dynamically held in the neuronal networks of the brain with different activity patterns and functional connectivity, both node-centric and graph-centric tasks are involved in this application. In this study, we used an individual generative model and high order graph analysis for the region of interest recognition areas of the brain with abnormal connection during performing certain tasks and resting-state or decompose irregular observations. Accordingly, a high order framework of Variational Graph Autoencoder with a Gaussian distributer was proposed in the paper to analyze the functional data in brain imaging studies in which Generative Adversarial Network is employed for optimizing the latent space in the process of learning strong non-rigid graphs among large scale data. Furthermore, the possible modes of correlations were distinguished in abnormal brain connections. Our goal was to find the degree of correlation between the affected regions and their simultaneous occurrence over time. We can take advantage of this to diagnose brain diseases or show the ability of the nervous system to modify brain topology at all angles and brain plasticity according to input stimuli. In this study, we particularly focused on Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals Genomic Mosaicism Formed by Somatic Variation in the Aging and Diseased Brain

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1071
Author(s):  
Isabel Costantino ◽  
Juliet Nicodemus ◽  
Jerold Chun
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Copy Number Variations ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Somatic Variation ◽  
Dna Content Variation ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
The Brain

Over the past 20 years, analyses of single brain cell genomes have revealed that the brain is composed of cells with myriad distinct genomes: the brain is a genomic mosaic, generated by a host of DNA sequence-altering processes that occur somatically and do not affect the germline. As such, these sequence changes are not heritable. Some processes appear to occur during neurogenesis, when cells are mitotic, whereas others may also function in post-mitotic cells. Here, we review multiple forms of DNA sequence alterations that have now been documented: aneuploidies and aneusomies, smaller copy number variations (CNVs), somatic repeat expansions, retrotransposons, genomic cDNAs (gencDNAs) associated with somatic gene recombination (SGR), and single nucleotide variations (SNVs). A catch-all term of DNA content variation (DCV) has also been used to describe the overall phenomenon, which can include multiple forms within a single cell’s genome. A requisite step in the analyses of genomic mosaicism is ongoing technology development, which is also discussed. Genomic mosaicism alters one of the most stable biological molecules, DNA, which may have many repercussions, ranging from normal functions including effects of aging, to creating dysfunction that occurs in neurodegenerative and other brain diseases, most of which show sporadic presentation, unlinked to causal, heritable genes.

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