Continuous amphetamine intoxication: an animal model of the acute psychotic episode

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaylord D. Ellison ◽  
Michael S. Eison
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Paranoid Schizophrenia ◽  
Psychotic Episode ◽  
Amphetamine Administration ◽  
Wet Dog Shakes ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
Continuous Presence ◽  
Dopamine Innervation

SynopsisWhen amphetamines are administered to humans every few hours for several days, either during the ‘speed runs’ of addicts or in controlled laboratory settings, the psychosis which reliably results is similar to paranoid schizophrenia in a number of important aspects. This unique regimen of drug intake, which involves the continuous presence of stimulants over a prolonged period of time, can be simulated in animals using subcutaneously implanted slow-release silicone pellets containing d-amphetamine base. Monkeys and rats implanted with these pellets develop stages of behavioural alterations which are somewhat similar in sequence to those observed in humans who have received frequent doses of amphetamine. An initial period of hyperactivity and exploratory behaviour is followed by the gradual development of motor stereotypies which become virtually incessant. A period of relative inactivity then appears which is followed, at 4–5 days after pellet implantation, by a late stage. This final stage is characterized by ‘wet-dog’ shakes, parasitotic-like grooming episodes, and a variety of other forms of hallucinatory-like behaviour. At about the same time there are distinctive and partially irreversible alterations in dopaminergic innervations of the caudate nucleus, but not in mesolimbic dopamine innervation of the nucleus accumbens or in several other neurotransmitter systems. Continuous amphetamine administration may reproduce some aspects of the prolonged excitation which accompanies an acute psychotic episode and may be a fruitful model for the clarification of the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.

Valproate-Induced “Wet Dog Shakes” – A Reproducible Animal Model of Human Compulsive Behavior : Effect of Antidepressants

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-95
Author(s):  
Prathibha E A Jose ◽  
Joy David ◽  
Vikram K Yeragani ◽  
Chanda Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Wet Dog Shakes

Ictal and Psychiatric Aspects of Suicide in Epileptic Patients

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario F. Mendez ◽  
Robert C. Doss
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Seizure Control ◽  
Paranoid Schizophrenia ◽  
Psychotic Episode ◽  
Psychosocial Burden ◽  
Epileptiform Discharges ◽  
Epileptic Patients ◽  
Neurology Clinic

Objective: To evaluate the ictal and psychiatric aspects underlying the high risk of suicide among epileptic patients. Method: We surveyed the records of 1611 epileptic patients seen in a neurology clinic during an eight-year period, found four who died by suicide, and characterized their ictal and psychiatric features. Results: All four epileptic patients had partial complex seizures and temporal lobe foci. Two had an associated paranoid schizophrenia with suicidal ideation, and good or improving seizure control at the tine of their deaths. Another patient killed himself during a brief psychotic episode associated with increasing epileptiform discharges. The fourth patient had ictal depression and committed suicide during a flurry of partial complex seizures. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the high suicide rate among epileptic patients has a greater association with psychotic behaviors and psychic auras than with major depression or the psychosocial burden of being epileptic. We further review other reported risk factors for suicide in epilepsy.

scholarly journals Thomas and Scholasticism to 1870

2015 ◽  
pp. 527-550
Author(s):  
John T. Slotemaker ◽  
Ueli Zahnd
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Church Reform ◽  
Summa Theologiae ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
Theological Authority

The present article treats the life and works of Thomas Aquinas and his reception within the scholastic traditions up to 1879 (Aeterni Patris). The first two sections introduce the life and works of Thomas Aquinas, with a particular focus on the Scriptum and the Summa theologiae. The third section treats Thomas’s reception up through 1500, looking at the initial period of condemnation in the late thirteenth century. This is followed by his canonization and acceptance as a theological authority in the fourteenth century and the gradual development of the Thomist schools of the fifteenth century. The fourth and fifth sections examine the reception of Thomas’s thought in the era of Church reform and the baroque period (1500–1650), and from 1650 until Aeterni Patris (1879) respectively.

Population characteristics of methamphetamine shabu users

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S872-S872
Author(s):  
L. Oviedo Peñuela ◽  
M. Torrens ◽  
F. Fonseca ◽  
P. Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Paranoid Schizophrenia ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Psychotic Episode ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Crystal Methamphetamine

IntroductionShabu is a crystal methamphetamine whose consumption is common among the community of Philippine immigrants in Spain.ObjectivesTo describe the sociodemographic, healthcare and clinical characteristics of patients using shabu who have been treated by the psychiatry and addiction department of a tertiary hospital.MethodsWe describe the cases of patients treated in the psychiatry and addiction department of the hospital del Mar in Barcelona, Spain with methamphetamine use disorder. We collected sociodemographic variables, monitoring features and psychiatric comorbidity from the review of medical records.ResultsTen cases of patients with severe use disorder of shabu were identified. Eight patients are from the Philippines. Nine are men (90%). At the beginning of the medical follow-up the average age was 30 years (21–41 years). All of them reported being unemployed. Four patients were referred urgently to the hospital from an ambulatory care center, two belonged to a specific program for children and adolescents, two were treated at the emergency department and two were assessed during their admissions in other departments. Regarding clinical characteristics, six had associated psychiatric disorders: two have paranoid schizophrenia, two had induced psychotic episode, one had unspecified psychosis and other had conduct disorder.ConclusionsShabu is a drug that the Philippine community in Spain consumes in their daily life in a social context. However, consumption of this drug could be linked to the onset of psychotic symptoms. Registration is necessary to standardize the consumption pattern in order to establish a relationship between consumption and the appearance of psychotic and organic symptoms.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Severe Burns and Amputation of Both Arms in the First Psychotic Episode of a Schizophrenic Patient

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Lizardo Cruzado ◽  
Ronald Villafane-Alva ◽  
Katia Caballero-Atencio ◽  
Carla Cortez-Vergara ◽  
Patricia Núñez-Moscoso
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Paranoid Schizophrenia ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Psychotic Episode ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Severe Burns ◽  
First Psychotic Episode ◽  
Sensitivity To Pain ◽  
Severe Tissue

An alleged reduction of sensitivity to pain in people with schizophrenia has been reported, but the nature of this complex phenomenon has not been elucidated yet. Reports of insensitivity to burns from people with schizophrenia are extremely rare. We report the case of a 24-year-old man who set both of his arms on fire during the first break of paranoid schizophrenia. As a result of severe tissue damage, both of his limbs had to be amputated. Today, at the age of 59, the patient is physically and mentally rehabilitated and is adherent to treatment. Additionally, given the uncertainty about the true nature of the alleged hypoalgesia in schizophrenia, we postulate the need for a comprehensive phenomenological approach in the study of embodiment in people with this condition.

scholarly journals Mental Disorders Associated with the Abuse of Synthetic Cannabinoids (Spices)

Psychiatry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
N. A. Bokhan ◽  
G. Yu. Selivanov ◽  
A. A. Salnikov ◽  
K. A. Blonsky
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Drug Dependence ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Paranoid Schizophrenia ◽  
Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Psychotic Episode ◽  
Mild Degree

Introduction: the abuse of synthetic cannabinoids may trigger the development of mental disorders characterized by distortions of disease processes that can cause incorrect diagnosis.Objective: to study the phenomenon of the abuse of synthetic cannabinoids (Spice) as a trigger psychotic episode in psychiatric patients (with schizophrenia and personality disorders) and risk factors for developing paranoid schizophrenia.Patients and research methods: 291 men were examined: 241 with dependence on synthetic cannabinoids — 101 of them were diagnosed with personality and behavior disorders in adulthood, 140 with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia and 50 with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia without drug dependence.Research methods: clinicalpsychopathological, psychometric (SANS, CGI, MMPI), follow-up, statistical R (R version 3.2.4).Results: intoxication conditions caused by synthetic cannabinoids can provoke the development of psychotic episodes and be a trigger for the manifestation of schizophrenia. There are four variants of narcotic intoxication: delirious, schizophrenic, with pseudo-hallucinations, with delirium. The personalities of patients addicted to synthetic cannabinoids are similar in the prevalence of emotionally unstable, rigid, introverted, deviant traits. Patients with personality disorders, dependent on synthetic cannabinoids, differed from typical drug addicts in such patterns of behavior as disorganization, conflict, unpredictability, spontaneity, thoughtlessness of actions, impulsivity, and nonconformity. The stigmatizing signs of the schizophrenic process in patients who are dependent on synthetic cannabinoids are the symptoms of abulia–apathy of mild severity. Patients with schizophrenia, dependent on synthetic cannabinoids, differed from patients without dependence on drugs by the phenomenon of the absence of an emotional defect expressed in the expressiveness of emotions, the desire for communication.Conclusion: the phenomenon of synthetic cannabinoid abuse is a trigger of a psychotic episode in both schizophrenic patients and those with personality disorders in whom antisocial, schizoid and paranoid personality traits prevail. The abuse of synthetic cannabinoids is a risk factor for the development of paranoid schizophrenia, which differs from schizophrenia without drug dependence by a mild degree of stigmatizing symptoms of abulia–apathy and social activity during periods of short-term remissions.

A slow-release silicone pellet for chronic amphetamine administration

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harris S. Huberman ◽  
Michael S. Eison ◽  
Karen Smith Bryan ◽  
Gaylord Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Amphetamine Administration ◽  
Chronic Amphetamine

Cannabis and psychotic illness

1992 ◽  
Vol 161 (5) ◽  
pp. 648-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Mathers ◽  
A.H. Ghodse
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Urine Analysis ◽  
Paranoid Schizophrenia ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Psychotic Episode ◽  
Psychotic Illness ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Delayed Sleep ◽  
Drug Free

In-patients with psychotic symptoms and cannabis-positive urine analysis were assessed by PSE within one week of admission and again at one and six months. Concurrently admitted psychotic patients with drug-free urine analysis were controls. At one week the two groups differed significantly on only five PSE items: changed perception, thought insertion, non-verbal auditory hallucinations, delusions of control, and delusions of grandiose ability. One item (delayed sleep) differed at one month, and none at six months. The symptom cluster at one week is consistent with acute cannabis intoxication. Subjects and controls were mostly single, poorly educated, unemployed people with histories of psychotic disorders, and given major tranquillisers on admission. Compared with controls, subjects were younger, less likely to have psychiatric histories, more often male, Afro-Caribbeans with a history of convictions and compulsory admissions. The commonest diagnosis was schizophrenia. Use of the label ‘cannabis-induced psychosis’ may obscure a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. A short-lived psychotic episode does occur in clear consciousness after cannabis intoxication, but chronic cannabis-induced psychosis was not found.

Ultrastructural investigation of spontaneous pituitary gonadotroph cell adenomas in aging Sprague-Dawley rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 702-703
Author(s):  
D. J. McComb ◽  
J. Beri ◽  
F. Zak ◽  
K. Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Immunoelectron Microscopy ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Reticulin Fibers ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Gonadotroph cell adenomas of the pituitary are infrequent in human patients and are not invariably associated with altered gonadal function. To date, no animal model of this tumor type exists. Herein, we describe spontaneous gonadotroph cell adenomas in old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats by histology, immunocytology and electron microscopy.The material consisted of the pituitaries of 27 male and 38 female Sprague Dawley rats, all 26 months of age or older, removed at routine autopsy. Sections of formal in-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue were stained with hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron (HPS), the PAS method and the Gordon-Sweet technique for the demonstration of reticulin fibers. For immunostaining, sections were exposed to anti-rat β-LH, anti-ratβ-TSH, anti-rat PRL, anti-rat GH and anti-rat ACTH 1-39. For electron microscopy, tissue was fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, postfixed in 1% OsO4 and embedded in epoxy-resin. Tissue fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in epoxy resin without osmification, was used for immunoelectron microscopy.

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