How accurate is recall of key symptoms of depression? A comparison of recall and longitudinal reports

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1001-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ELISABETH WELLS ◽  
L. JOHN HORWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Parental Attachment ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Symptom Measures

Background. Assessment of lifetime major depression is usually made from a single interview. Most previous studies have investigated reliability. Comparison of recall of key symptoms and longitudinal reports shows the accuracy of recall, not just reliability.Method. At age 25, 1003 members of the Christchurch Health and Development Study cohort were asked to recall key symptoms of depression (sadness, loss of interest) up to age 21. This recall was compared with longitudinal reports at ages 15, 16, 18 and 21 years. Diagnosis was by DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria.Results. Only 4% of those without previous reports recalled key symptoms. Of those with a diagnosis of depression up to age 21, 44% recalled a key symptom. Measures of severity of an episode (number of symptoms, impairment, duration, suicidality) and chronicity (years with a diagnosis, years with suicidal ideation) all strongly predicted recall. Current key symptoms increased recall, even after taking account of severity and chronicity. Being female and receiving treatment also predicted recall, although odds ratios were reduced to 1·6–1·7 when all other predictors were included. Comparison of risk factors for key symptoms showed similar results from longitudinal reports and recall. Sexual abuse, neuroticism, lack of parental attachment, gender, physical abuse and maternal depression were major risk factors in both sets of analyses.Conclusions. Forgetting of prior episodes of depression was common. Severity, chronicity, current depression, gender and treatment predicted recall. Lifetime prevalence based on recall will be markedly underestimated but the identification of major risk factors may be relatively little impaired.

scholarly journals Examining suicidal ideation among street involved youth : a resilience perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Jan Go
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Suicidal Thought ◽  
Street Youth ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
History Of

This exploratory study examined risk factors and protective resources for suicidal ideation among street youth in four community agencies in Metro Toronto. A secondary data analysis of 65 street youth from a collaborative project funded by the Wellesley Institute was undertaken to explore the relationships between suicidal ideation and age, gender, sexual orientation, history of physical/sexual abuse, depression, hopelessness, self-esteem, social connectedness and resilience. Results of the analysis revealed that high levels of slef-esteem, social connectedness and resilience are protective of suicidal thought, while an increase in age, being unsure of one's sexual orientation, and a high level of depression, as well as hopelessness were found to be risk factors for suicidal ideation. A history of physical abuse and/or sexual abuse was not found to be significantly related to suicidal ideation at a 0.05 level, but for this study, it was not considered to be significant (significance level set at 0.01). Implications of these findings are discussed.

Response of Depressive Symptoms to Nortriptyline, Phenelzine and Placebo

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasios Georgotas ◽  
Robert E. Mccue ◽  
Eitan Friedman ◽  
Thomas B. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Diurnal Variation Of Mood ◽  
Better Than

The effects of nortriptyline, phenelzine, and placebo on 13 symptoms of depression were compared in 75 patients, aged 55 or over, who were suffering from major depression. Nortriptyline and phenelzine were more effective than placebo in treating depression mood, guilt feelings, suicidal ideation, agitation, anxiety, loss of energy, and a.m. diurnal variation of mood. Nortriptyline was better than phenelzine or placebo in improving middle/late insomnia. Most of the symptoms did not show significant improvement until the fourth week of treatment.

Complicated Grief

2012 ◽  
pp. 9-31
Author(s):  
Roslyn Law
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Complicated Grief ◽  
Psychomotor Retardation ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Significant Other ◽  
Dsm Iv

Chapter 2 discusses complicated grief, and how the IPT therapist selects grief as an interpersonal focus when the onset of the patient’s symptoms is associated with the death of a significant other and manifests in a bereavement-related depression. It covers how this reaction differs from the predictable sorrow associated with bereavement – the experience of deprivation and desolation. It examines how the DSM-IV echoes this distinction by excluding immediate bereavement reactions in making the diagnosis of major depression, and how clinicians may diagnose major depression only if symptoms persist for more than 2 months after the death or are characterized by marked functional impairment, morbid preoccupation with worthlessness, suicidal ideation, psychotic symptoms, or psychomotor retardation.

The changes of social performance with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in depressed patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S375-S376 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pirmoradi ◽  
B. Dolatshahi ◽  
R. Rostami ◽  
P. Mohammadkhani ◽  
A. Dadkhah
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Independent Factor ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Group A ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Competing Interest

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was investigating the effectiveness of rTMS (repetitive transcranial of magnetic stimulation) on increase social performance in patients with recurrent major depression.MethodIt was used a quasi-experimental, pretest–posttest design with control group, a sample consisting of 32 patients who had depression on the basis of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, SCID and BDI-II scales and were randomly assigned to two groups.The experimental group underwent 20 sessions of rTMS as the independent factor and both groups (control & experimental) had 12-session psychotherapy and drugs treatment. Upon the intervention, both groups were tested with two tests (BDI-II & SASS). To determine the effect of the independent factor on the dependent factor of rTMS.Data were analyzed by t-test.ResultsThe comparison between pre- & posttest of all the tests showed the reduction of signs & symptoms of depression, (a = 0/05) (Beck scale P ≤ 0/001 & F = 30) and increase social performance in participants (P ≤ 0/001 & F = 83).ConclusionThe rTMS is effect in the reduction of signs & symptoms of depression and increase social functioning in recurrent major depression.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Excess Mortality and Risk Factors for Mortality Among Patients with Severe Mental Disorders Receiving Home Care Case Management

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Yin Chen ◽  
Sheng-Jean Huang ◽  
Chin-Kuo Chang ◽  
Chun-Hung Pan ◽  
Sheng-Shiang Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Case Management ◽  
Home Care ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Severe Mental Disorders ◽  
Organic Mental Disorder

Abstract Background: Home care case management (CM) is the main intervention for patients with severe mental disorders (SMDs) requiring outreach care. The present study investigated the long-term mortality outcome and associated risk factors in patients who received home care CM. Methods: In this nationwide study, we enrolled patients who received home care CM (n=10255) between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2010; data of these patients were derived from a Taiwan health insurance database. We calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) as the ratio of observed deaths in the study cohort to expected deaths in the general population and presented by diagnosis. Multivariate regression was performed to assess independent risk factors for mortality. Results: Among 10255 patients who received home care CM, 1409 died during the study period; the overall SMR was 3.13. Specifically, patients with organic mental disorder had the highest SMR (4.98), followed by those with schizophrenia (3.89), major depression (2.98), and bipolar disorder (1.97). After adjustment for confounding factors in the multivariate analysis, patients with organic mental disorder or dementia had the highest risk of mortality, whereas the mortality risk in patients with schizophrenia was comparable to that in patients with bipolar disorder or major depression. Deceased patients had a significantly higher proportion of acute or chronic physical illnesses, including cancer, chronic hepatic disease, and pneumonia. Conclusion: This study presented the gap of mortality in patients with SMDs receiving home care CM in Taiwan. We highlight the need for more effective strategies to improve medical care for this specified population.

Socio-demographic, economic and mental health problems were risk factors for suicidal ideation among Kenyan students aged 15 plus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Ndetei ◽  
Victoria N. Mutiso ◽  
John R. Weisz ◽  
Consolate A. Okoth ◽  
Christine W Musyimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
High School ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Suicidal Attempts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Suicidal Plans ◽  
Suicidal Ideas

Abstract Background: Understanding the prevalence of different suicidal ideas and context appropriate wide range of risk factors in youth in particular is important because about a third of youth with suicidal ideation develop suicidal plans and about 60% of youth with suicidal plans make suicidal attempts. This study aims to provide for the first time wide ranging Kenyan data on the above so as to inform context appropriate practice and policy. Methods: To achieve our aim, we studied a total of 9742 high school, college and university students using following self-administered instruments: - a researcher design socio-demographic questionnaire, Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ) to document psychiatric disorders and various types of suicidal ideas in previous two weeks, Washington Early Recognition Center Affectivity and Psychosis tool to assess stress, affectivity and psychosis, Wealth index questionnaire to document economic indicators based on household items for the families of the students. We used descriptive statistics to document the prevalence of suicidal ideas and socio-demographics, univariate analysis to determine associations between suicidal ideas and mental health disorders, socio-demographic characteristics and economic indicators. All the independent variables were then estimated using bivariate logistic regression, fitted to identify potential confounding factors. Variables with a p-value of less than <.05 were entered into generalized linear models using logit links to identify independent predictors. Results: The median age was 21.3 years (range 15-43),with a majority of males (53.5%)and 93.4% single. The overall prevalence of different types of suicidal ideation was (22.6%), the commonest of which was thinking of specific ways to take their life (19.3%) and least wanting to be dead (10.7%). Major depression was found in 20.0%. Affectivity, psychosis and stress was found in 10.4%, 8.7% and 26.0% respectively. Female gender, major depression, stress, affectivity and psychosis and being in high school were significant (p<0.05) predictors of suicidal ideation. Conclusion: We have documented the prevalence of different types of suicidal ideas and the risk factors in Kenyan students. We have therefore achieved our aims. Future studies are needed to study the progression from suicidal ideas to suicidal attempts and the factors associated with that progression.

scholarly journals The role of peri-traumatic stress and disruption distress in predicting symptoms of major depression following exposure to a natural disaster

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 711-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline J Bell ◽  
Joseph M Boden ◽  
L John Horwood ◽  
Roger T Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Health And Development

Objective: Few studies have examined the contribution of specific disaster-related experiences to symptoms of depression. The aims of this study were to do this by examining the roles of peri-traumatic stress and distress due to lingering disaster-related disruption in explaining linkages between disaster exposure and major depressive disorder symptoms among a cohort exposed to the 2010–2011 Canterbury (New Zealand) earthquakes. Methods: Structural equation models were fitted to data obtained from the Christchurch Health and Development Study at age 35 ( n = 495), 20–24 months following the onset of the disaster. Measures included earthquake exposure, peri-traumatic stress, disruption distress and symptoms of major depressive disorder. Results: The associations between earthquake exposure and major depression were explained largely by the experience of peri-traumatic stress during the earthquakes (β = 0.180, p < 0.01) and not by disruption distress following the earthquakes (β = 0.048, p = 0.47). Conclusion: The results suggest that peri-traumatic stress has been under-recognised as a predictor of major depressive disorder.

Vulnerability and resiliency to suicidal behaviours in young people

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. FERGUSSON ◽  
A. L. BEAUTRAIS ◽  
L. J. HORWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Family History ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
Young People ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peer Affiliations

Background. We aimed to examine factors that influence vulnerability/resiliency of depressed young people to suicidal ideation and suicide attempt.Method. Data were gathered during a 21-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand young people. Measures included: suicide attempt; suicidal ideation; major depression; childhood, family, individual and peer factors.Results. Young people who developed major depression had increased rates of suicidal ideation (OR=5·4; 95% CI 4·5–6·6) and suicide attempt (OR=12·1; 95% CI 7·9–18·5). However, the majority of depressed young people did not develop suicidal ideation or make suicide attempts, suggesting that additional factors influence vulnerability or resiliency to suicidal responses. Factors influencing resiliency/vulnerability to suicidal responses included: family history of suicide; childhood sexual abuse; neuroticism; novelty seeking; self-esteem; peer affiliations; and school achievement. These factors operated in the same way to influence vulnerability/resiliency among those depressed and those not depressed.Conclusions. Vulnerability/resiliency to suicidal responses among those depressed (and those not depressed) is influenced by an accumulation of factors including: family history of suicide, childhood sexual abuse, personality factors, peer affiliations and school success. Positive configurations of these factors confer increased resiliency, whereas negative configurations increase vulnerability.

Obese youths are not more likely to become depressed, but depressed youths are more likely to become obese

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2143-2151 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Roberts ◽  
H. T. Duong
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Reciprocal Effect ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Meta Analyses

BackgroundOverweight/obesity and depression are both major public health problems among adolescents. However, the question of a link between overweight/obesity and depression remains unresolved in this age group. We examined whether obesity increases risk of depression, or depression increases risk of obesity, or whether there is a reciprocal effect.MethodA two-wave prospective cohort study of adolescents aged 11–17 years at baseline (n = 4175) followed up a year later (n = 3134) sampled from the Houston metropolitan area. Overweight was defined as 95th percentile >body mass index (BMI) ⩽85th percentile and obese as BMI >95th percentile. Three indicators of depression were examined: any DSM-IV mood disorder, major depression, and symptoms of depression.ResultsData for the two-wave cohort indicated no evidence of reciprocal effects between weight and depression. Weight status predicted neither major depression nor depressive symptoms. However, mood disorders generally and major depression in particular increased risk of future obesity more than twofold. Depressed males had a sixfold increased risk of obesity. Females with depressive symptoms had a marginally increased risk of being overweight but not obese.ConclusionsOur findings, combined with those of recent meta-analyses, suggest that obese youths are not more likely to become depressed but that depressed youths are more likely to become obese.

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