scholarly journals Structural and functional imaging of the hippocampus in young people at familial risk of depression

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (14) ◽  
pp. 2939-2948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. N. Mannie ◽  
N. Filippini ◽  
C. Williams ◽  
J. Near ◽  
C. E. Mackay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Young People ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Parental History ◽  
History Of

BackgroundMajor depression is associated with abnormalities in the function and structure of the hippocampus. However, it is unclear whether these abnormalities might also be present in people ‘at risk’ of illness.MethodWe studied 62 young people (mean age 18.8 years) at familial risk of depression (FH+) but who had never been depressed themselves. Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging to assess hippocampal structure and neural responses to a task designed to activate hippocampal memory networks. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure levels of a combination of glutamine and glutamate (Glx) in the right hippocampus. A total of 59 matched controls with no history of mood disorder in a first-degree relative underwent the same investigations.ResultsHippocampal volume did not differ between FH+ participants and controls; however, relative to controls, during the memory task, FH+ participants showed increased activation in brain regions encompassing the insular cortices, putamen and pallidum as well as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). FH+ participants also had increased hippocampal levels of Glx.ConclusionsEuthymic individuals with a parental history of depression demonstrate increased activation of hippocampal-related neural networks during a memory task, particularly in brain regions involved in processing the salience of stimuli. Changes in the activity of the ACC replicate previous findings in FH+ participants using different psychological tasks; this suggests that task-related abnormalities in the ACC may be a marker of vulnerability to depression. Increased levels of Glx in the hippocampus might also represent a risk biomarker but follow-up studies will be required to test these various possibilities.

The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: Converging neuroimaging evidence

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rex E. Jung ◽  
Richard J. Haier
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Imaging Research

Abstract“Is there a biology of intelligence which is characteristic of the normal human nervous system?” Here we review 37 modern neuroimaging studies in an attempt to address this question posed by Halstead (1947) as he and other icons of the last century endeavored to understand how brain and behavior are linked through the expression of intelligence and reason. Reviewing studies from functional (i.e., functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography) and structural (i.e., magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, voxel-based morphometry) neuroimaging paradigms, we report a striking consensus suggesting that variations in a distributed network predict individual differences found on intelligence and reasoning tasks. We describe this network as theParieto-Frontal Integration Theory(P-FIT). The P-FIT model includes, by Brodmann areas (BAs): the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BAs 6, 9, 10, 45, 46, 47), the inferior (BAs 39, 40) and superior (BA 7) parietal lobule, the anterior cingulate (BA 32), and regions within the temporal (BAs 21, 37) and occipital (BAs 18, 19) lobes. White matter regions (i.e., arcuate fasciculus) are also implicated. The P-FIT is examined in light of findings from human lesion studies, including missile wounds, frontal lobotomy/leukotomy, temporal lobectomy, and lesions resulting in damage to the language network (e.g., aphasia), as well as findings from imaging research identifying brain regions under significant genetic control. Overall, we conclude that modern neuroimaging techniques are beginning to articulate a biology of intelligence. We propose that the P-FIT provides a parsimonious account for many of the empirical observations, to date, which relate individual differences in intelligence test scores to variations in brain structure and function. Moreover, the model provides a framework for testing new hypotheses in future experimental designs.

scholarly journals The Dual-Task Cost Is Due to Neural Interferences Disrupting the Optimal Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of the Competing Tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Mac-Auliffe ◽  
Benoit Chatard ◽  
Mathilde Petton ◽  
Anne-Claire Croizé ◽  
Florian Sipp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Neural Origin ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Dual-tasking is extremely prominent nowadays, despite ample evidence that it comes with a performance cost: the Dual-Task (DT) cost. Neuroimaging studies have established that tasks are more likely to interfere if they rely on common brain regions, but the precise neural origin of the DT cost has proven elusive so far, mostly because fMRI does not record neural activity directly and cannot reveal the key effect of timing, and how the spatio-temporal neural dynamics of the tasks coincide. Recently, DT electrophysiological studies in monkeys have recorded neural populations shared by the two tasks with millisecond precision to provide a much finer understanding of the origin of the DT cost. We used a similar approach in humans, with intracranial EEG, to assess the neural origin of the DT cost in a particularly challenging naturalistic paradigm which required accurate motor responses to frequent visual stimuli (task T1) and the retrieval of information from long-term memory (task T2), as when answering passengers’ questions while driving. We found that T2 elicited neuroelectric interferences in the gamma-band (>40 Hz), in key regions of the T1 network including the Multiple Demand Network. They reproduced the effect of disruptive electrocortical stimulations to create a situation of dynamical incompatibility, which might explain the DT cost. Yet, participants were able to flexibly adapt their strategy to minimize interference, and most surprisingly, reduce the reliance of T1 on key regions of the executive control network-the anterior insula and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex-with no performance decrement.

scholarly journals Early Treatment Response in First Episode Psychosis: A 7-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Study of Glutathione and Glutamate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Dempster ◽  
Peter Jeon ◽  
Michael MacKinley ◽  
Peter Williamson ◽  
Jean Théberge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Treatment Response ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
7 Tesla ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Inadequate Response ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Early Intervention In Psychosis

AbstractEarly response to antipsychotic medications is one of the most important determinants of later symptomatic and functional outcomes in psychosis. Glutathione and glutamate have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for patients demonstrating inadequate response to dopamine-blocking antipsychotics. Nevertheless, the role of these neurochemicals in the mechanism of early antipsychotic response remains poorly understood. Using a longitudinal design and ultra-high field 7-Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) protocol in 53 subjects, we report the association between dorsal anterior cingulate cortex glutamate and glutathione, with time to treatment response in drug-naïve (34.6% of the sample) or minimally medicated first episode patients with non-affective psychosis. Time to response was defined as the number of weeks required to reach a 50% reduction in the PANSS-8 scores. Higher glutathione was associated with shorter time to response (F=4.86, P= .017), while higher glutamate was associated with more severe functional impairment (F=5.33, P= .008). There were no significant differences between patients and controls on measures of glutamate or glutathione. For the first time, we have demonstrated an association between higher glutathione and favourable prognosis in FEP. We propose that interventions that increase brain glutathione levels may improve outcomes of early intervention in psychosis.

scholarly journals Brain glutamate concentration in men with early psychosis: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy case–control study at 7 T

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata R. Godlewska ◽  
Amedeo Minichino ◽  
Uzay Emir ◽  
Ilinca Angelescu ◽  
Belinda Lennox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
High Field ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Early Psychosis ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Glutamate Concentration ◽  
Water Signal

AbstractAbnormalities in glutamate neurotransmission are linked to psychotic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides an acceptable means of measuring glutamate in the human brain but findings from patient studies at conventional magnetic field strength show considerable heterogeneity. Ultra-high-field MRS offers greater precision in glutamate measurement, particularly in delineation of glutamate from its precursor and metabolite, glutamine. This study aimed to use high-field (7 T) MRS to measure concentrations of glutamate and glutamine in three brain regions, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and putamen (PUT), in young men with early psychosis. MRS was performed in 17 male participants with early psychosis and 18 healthy age-matched controls. Neurometabolite levels were calculated with unsuppressed water signal as the reference and corrected for individual grey matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid concentration. Cognitive function was measured with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Compared to controls, patients with early psychosis had lower concentrations of glutamate and glutamine in ACC. No differences were apparent in the DLPFC and PUT. In patients with early psychosis, there was a highly significant correlation between glutamate concentration in ACC and performance on the BACS, though the numbers available for this analysis were small. Our finding of lower glutamate levels in ACC in patients with schizophrenia is consistent with a recent meta-analysis of 7 T studies and suggests that this abnormality is present in both patients with early psychosis and those with longer-established illness. The possible link between ACC glutamate and cognitive performance requires replication in larger studies.

scholarly journals Affective modulation of anterior cingulate cortex in young people at increased familial risk of depression

2008 ◽  
Vol 192 (5) ◽  
pp. 356-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zola N. Mannie ◽  
Ray Norbury ◽  
Susannah E. Murphy ◽  
Becky Inkster ◽  
Catherine J. Harmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Emotional Stroop Task ◽  
Cognitive Information ◽  
History Of

BackgroundWe previously found that children of parents with depression showed impaired performance on a task of emotional categorisation.AimsTo test the hypothesis that children of parents with depression would show abnormal neural responses in the anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region involved in the integration of emotional and cognitive information.MethodEighteen young people (mean age 19.8 years) with no personal history of depression but with a biological parent with a history of major depression (FH+ participants) and 16 controls (mean age 19.9 years) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing an emotional counting Stroop task.ResultsControls showed significant activation in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex to both positive and negative words during the emotional Stroop task. This activation was absent in FH+ participants.ConclusionsOur findings show that people at increased familial risk of depression demonstrate impaired modulation of the anterior cingulate cortex in response to emotionally valenced stimuli.

scholarly journals In Vivo Measurement of Carbon-13 Labeling of Glutamate and Glutamine in Human Brain Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li An ◽  
Shizhe Li ◽  
Maria Ferraris Araneta ◽  
Milalynn Victorino ◽  
Christopher Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
In Vivo Measurement

Abstract A single-step spectral editing 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) technique was used to measure fractional enrichments of glutamate and glutamine in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex of five healthy volunteers after oral administration of [U-13C]glucose. Strong pseudo singlets of glutamate and glutamine were induced at an echo time of 56 ms using an always-on editing pulse at 2.12 ppm. At 113 ± 9 minutes after oral administration of [U-13C]glucose, fractional enrichment of glutamate was found to be 64 ± 5% with 1.7% within-subject coefficient of variation (CV) and fractional enrichment of glutamine was found to be 40 ± 10% with 11% within-subject CV. This study demonstrated that 13C labeling of both glutamate and glutamine can be measured with the high sensitivity and spatial resolution of proton MRS using a proton-only MRS technique with standard commercial hardware. Furthermore, it is now feasible to measure 13C labeling of glutamate and glutamine in limbic structures, which play major roles in behavioral and emotional responses and whose abnormalities are involved in many neuropsychiatric disorders.

Biological NMR Spectroscopy

1997 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Structure Of Proteins

This book presents a critical assessment of progress on the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the structure of proteins, including brief reviews of the history of the field along with coverage of current clinical and in vivo applications. The book, in honor of Oleg Jardetsky, one of the pioneers of the field, is edited by two of the most highly respected investigators using NMR, and features contributions by most of the leading workers in the field. It will be valued as a landmark publication that presents the state-of-the-art perspectives regarding one of today's most important technologies.

scholarly journals Ketogenic diet reduces alcohol withdrawal symptoms in humans and alcohol intake in rodents

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (15) ◽  
pp. eabf6780
Author(s):  
Corinde E. Wiers ◽  
Leandro F. Vendruscolo ◽  
Jan-Willem van der Veen ◽  
Peter Manza ◽  
Ehsan Shokri-Kojori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Alcohol Withdrawal ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Alcohol Cues ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Receive

Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) show elevated brain metabolism of acetate at the expense of glucose. We hypothesized that a shift in energy substrates during withdrawal may contribute to withdrawal severity and neurotoxicity in AUD and that a ketogenic diet (KD) may mitigate these effects. We found that inpatients with AUD randomized to receive KD (n = 19) required fewer benzodiazepines during the first week of detoxification, in comparison to those receiving a standard American (SA) diet (n = 14). Over a 3-week treatment, KD compared to SA showed lower “wanting” and increased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) reactivity to alcohol cues and altered dACC bioenergetics (i.e., elevated ketones and glutamate and lower neuroinflammatory markers). In a rat model of alcohol dependence, a history of KD reduced alcohol consumption. We provide clinical and preclinical evidence for beneficial effects of KD on managing alcohol withdrawal and on reducing alcohol drinking.

Acetaminophen Reduces Social Pain

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 931-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nathan DeWall ◽  
Geoff MacDonald ◽  
Gregory D. Webster ◽  
Carrie L. Masten ◽  
Roy F. Baumeister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Social Rejection ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Social Pain ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Pain, whether caused by physical injury or social rejection, is an inevitable part of life. These two types of pain—physical and social—may rely on some of the same behavioral and neural mechanisms that register pain-related affect. To the extent that these pain processes overlap, acetaminophen, a physical pain suppressant that acts through central (rather than peripheral) neural mechanisms, may also reduce behavioral and neural responses to social rejection. In two experiments, participants took acetaminophen or placebo daily for 3 weeks. Doses of acetaminophen reduced reports of social pain on a daily basis (Experiment 1). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure participants’ brain activity (Experiment 2), and found that acetaminophen reduced neural responses to social rejection in brain regions previously associated with distress caused by social pain and the affective component of physical pain (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula). Thus, acetaminophen reduces behavioral and neural responses associated with the pain of social rejection, demonstrating substantial overlap between social and physical pain.

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