scholarly journals The Influence of Afforestation on Upland Soils: The Use of ‘Bomb 14C’ Enrichment as a Quantitative Tracer for Changes in Organic Status

Radiocarbon ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
pp. 637-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
D D Harkness ◽  
A F Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Soil Carbon Content ◽  
Fresh Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Inventory

A series of soil samples were collected in November 1984 from five stands of Sitka spruce planted at recorded times between 1951 and 1968. Within a comprehensive program of ecologic and biogeochemical analyses, natural 14C measurements on selected organic components of the 0 to 5cm soil horizons serve to quantify progressive changes induced in the organic carbon inventory and relative to that of the original grassland. Points of particular interest are: 1) an enhanced input of fresh organic matter in the years immediately following planting; this, in parallel with a net decrease in the total carbon content of the topsoil; 2) this freshly introduced carbon predominates in the soil profile even after 30 years of afforestation; 3) during the 15- to 30-year growth period, the soil carbon content remains constant but progressive changes occur in its biogeochemical composition and rate of turnover.

scholarly journals Geomorphological controls over carbon distribution in permafrost soils: the case of the Narsajuaq river valley, Nunavik (Canada)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-528
Author(s):  
Samuel Gagnon ◽  
Michel Allard
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Geomorphological Mapping ◽  
Soil Carbon Content ◽  
Spatial Coverage

Soils in the northern circumpolar region play a central role in the global carbon cycle because the release of carbon through permafrost thaw and geomorphological disturbances can potentially cause a feedback on climate. However, large uncertainties in estimates of permafrost carbon stocks remain, mainly because of wide gaps in the spatial coverage of soil carbon sampling sites and the large mapping polygons used to upscale data. By combining mapping of landforms and knowledge of surficial geology to upscale soil carbon content measurements, we provide an assessment of soil total carbon content in the region of the Narsajuaq river valley (Nunavik, Canada) to generate the first high-resolution soil carbon estimate confirmed by field measurements in Nunavik. We estimate that the Narsajuaq river valley and the surrounding uplands have a weighted average of 3.4 kg C m−2 (0–100 cm), with 73% of the total carbon content stored in the top 30 cm. The results also indicate that the valley is a carbon hotspot in the region, containing 76% of the total carbon content (0–100 cm) of the study area. Although soil carbon estimates will always require field sampling, the geomorphological mapping approach can significantly improve carbon content estimates and provide better inputs for models.

scholarly journals FRACTIONATION OF THE HUMUS OF SOME CHERNOZEMIC SOILS OF SOUTHERN ALBERTA

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Dormaar
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Alcohol Benzene

Two orthic profiles, widely separated geographically, of each of four parent materials—lacustrine, alluvial–lacustrine, glacial till, and Aeolian—were selected at undisturbed sites within each of the Brown, Dark Brown, and Thin Black soil zones. Material from the Ah and Bm horizons was subjected to solvent extraction, and for each sample the total organic carbon of seven different fractions was determined.The efficiency of the procedure in extracting humus carbon decreased as the total carbon content of the soil increased. Total organic matter, the first humic acid fraction, and the combined total of the three humic acid fractions showed significant differences between soil zones. The only significant separation between all four parent materials was made by the alcohol-benzene fraction. Other parent material separations were possible only following the summation of data of several fractions, such as the three humic acid fractions or the two fulvic acid fractions. A simplification of the procedure in case of soils of one Order and a modification to overcome the impeding effect of increased carbon content are requisite.

THE USE OF COALS AS INDICATORS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF OIL AND GAS

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Hydrocarbon Generation ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Upper Limit

Petroleum hydrocarbons are not normal constituents of recent sediments but only appear when a certain stage of diagenesis is reached, through deeper burial. An investigation of the mechanism of formation of oil and gas has shown that an indication of the generation of oil in a sedimentary basin can be obtained by an examination of coals or coaly material encountered during drilling.Coals form a continuous diagenetic and metamorphic series beginning with peat and ending with graphite. Peat and brown coal contain the same type of hydrocarbons as are present in land plants but the composition of coal hydrocarbons changes abruptly in the sub-bituminous to high-volatile bituminous coal range. This is because petroleum-type hydrocarbons are formed at this stage from precursors which are components of waxy leaf cuticles, pollen and spore coatings, by chemical reactions in which oxygen groups are removed from long-chain acids, alcohols and ester waxes. Most Australian oil occurrences are associated with coal-bearing sediments and it appears likely that they are formed at the same stage of alteration, from such land plant residues, finely disseminated in shales and siltstones.The diagenetic changes in coal composition are caused by the increasing temperature accompanying deeper burial, and the composition of a coal, whatever its present depth, is an indication of the maximum temperature to which it has been subjected. The determination of carbon content, reflectivity and other properties of coal samples provided by a number of oil companies, together with laboratory experiments in which petroleum-type hydrocarbons were generated by artificial diagenesis of coal components, indicated that hydrocarbon generation takes place only when the carbon content of the coals approaches 80 percent. In sedimentary basins in Australia the petroleum generation zone occurs at depths varying from 5,500 to greater than 11,000ft., depending upon present or past geothermal gradient.In addition to this lower limit of diagenesis, it has long been maintained that a relation exists (the Carbon Ratio theory) between the likely occurrence of oil and gas reservoirs in a sedimentary basin and the degree of metamorphism of coal if present. The theory sets an upper limit of alteration of organic matter, and states that oil reservoirs are unlikely to occur in areas or at depths in a basin where the 'fixed-carbon' of the coals is greater than about 65 percent (equivalent to a coal of about 85 percent total carbon — dry, mineral-matter free). The Gid-gealpa-Moomba area appears to be a part of the Cooper Basin in which the organic matter is close to this upper limit of metamorphism. The carbon content of the coal at Gidgealpa, associated with gas and light hydrocarbons, is 85-86 percent whereas that at Moomba, associated with dry gas, is higher at approximately 89 percent.Ihus the properties of coal samples encountered during drilling can provide valuable clues for the petroleum geologist in the search for further oil and gas reserves.

Topographic distribution of the soil total carbon content and sulfur deficiency for rice cultivation in a floodplain ecosystem of the Northern region of Ghana

2013 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 74-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Tsujimoto ◽  
Yukiyo Yamamoto ◽  
Keiichi Hayashi ◽  
Alhassan I. Zakaria ◽  
Yahaya Inusah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Topographic Distribution

Rapid determination of the total carbon content of titanium carbide

1972 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 509-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Bibinov ◽  
G. T. Dzodziev ◽  
V. K. Vitryanyuk ◽  
V. D. Petrenko
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Carbide ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon Content

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN VOLUME TEGAKAN DENGAN KANDUNGAN BIOMASSA TERSIMPAN SKALA PLOT PADA AREAL AGROFORESTRY DUSUNG DI DUSUN TOISAPU KOTA AMBON

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
Ivan Passal ◽  
Gun Mardiatmoko ◽  
Fransina Latumahina
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Plot Area ◽  
Biomass Potential ◽  
The Relationship

 The study was carried out in the Dusung Community Forest (Agroforestry) area of ​​Toisapu Negeri Hutumuri Hamlet, South Leitimur Sub-District, Ambon City in August - October 2018 to determine the relationship between stand volume and stored biomass for scale plots in dusung agroforestry areas in Toisapu Hamlet. For this reason, it begins with an inventory of potential at seedling, sapling, pole and tree levels so that information and data on the actual potential of carbon content in the dusung system are obtained based on the value of the diversity of stand volume and biomass content. The results of the three measurement plots showed that the highest biomass was seen to be dominated by Durian, Pala and Langsat and Duku and Clove plants. Based on the calculation of the biomass value of the total carbon content in the three plots, it can be seen biomass potential for a total 400 m² plot area or 0.04 ha for the three plots with an area of ​​1,200 m² or 0.12 ha having a total biomass of 50,783.77 Kg / m² multiplied by the assumption of 0.5% of the total amount of tree biomass and poles so that the total carbon content stored in the three plots is 25,391.88 kg / m² or 2,539.19 tons / ha.

scholarly journals Simpanan Karbon pada Ekosistem Padang Lamun di Perairan Jepara

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Raka Pramulo Sophianto ◽  
Hadi Endrawati ◽  
Retno Hartati
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Seagrass Beds ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Seagrass Community ◽  
Seagrass Biomass ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Biology Laboratory ◽  
Descriptive Method

Padang lamun merupakan ekosistem yang kompleks dan produktif di ekosistem laut dan pesisir serta salah satu peran utama lamun adalah sebagai penyimpan karbon dengan karakteristik uniknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis lamun, mengetahui struktur komunitas lamun,  nilai biomassa dan nilai karbon lamun. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Oktober dan November 2017 di Teluk Awur dan Pantai Bendengan Jepara. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada dua tempat masing-masing lima stasiun. Sampel yang diambil adalah lamun, sedimen dan air laut yang ditemukan di lokasi penelitian yang kemudian di identifikasi serta dianalisis di Laboratorium Biologi, Departemen Ilmu Kelautan, dan analisis pengabuan lamun dilakukan pada di Laboratorium Geologi, Departemen Ilmu Kelautan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Diponegoro. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai total biomassa lamun yang didapat di kedua lokasi dari sampling pertama yaitu 982,77 gbk/m2 dan sampling kedua yaitu 923,91 gbk/m2. Total kandungan karbon pada sampling pertama berkisar antara 511,76 – 3662,26 gC/m2 dan total karbon pada sampling kedua berkisar antara 141,48 – 3344,2 gC/m2. Perbedaan hasil yang di dapat menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan iklim dapat berpengaruh terhadap hasil yang didapatkan. Seagrass beds are complex and productive ecosystems in marine and coastal ecosystems and one of the main roles of seagrasses is storing carbon with its unique characteristics. This study aims to determine the types of seagrasses, find out the seagrass community structure, biomass values and seagrass carbon values. This research was conducted in October and November 2017 in Teluk Awur and Bendengan Jepara Beach. The method used in this research is descriptive method. Sampling was carried out at two places each of five stations. Samples taken were seagrass, sediments and seawater found at the study site which were then identified and analyzed in the Biology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, and analysis of desertion carried out at the Geology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University. The results of this study indicate the total value of seagrass biomass obtained in both locations from the first test was 982.77 gbk/m2 and the second test was 923.91 gbk/m2. The total carbon content in the first sampling ranged from 511.76 - 3662.26 gC/m2 and the total carbon in the second sampling ranged from 141.48-3344.2 gC/m2. The difference in results can show that climate differences can affect the results obtained.

scholarly journals Modern Landfills as Potential Feed Back Processes to Counteract Global Warming

2017 ◽  
pp. 780-787
Author(s):  
Torleif Bramryd ◽  
Michael Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Total Carbon Content

Provided that produced biogas is effectively collected, landfills are important sinks for organic carbon compensating for emissions of CO2 from burning of fossil fuels. Sequestrating of long-lived organic carbon in the landfill itself is the most pronounced factor, but also other processes during landfill management will increase the capture and binding of CO2.. Compost produced in connection to the landfills and applied as soil improvement, is another important sink for organic carbon.The landfills in the World have been estimated to accumulate around 100 x 106 metric tons of C. Normally about 25-40 percent of the total carbon content in the waste can be converted into biogas in traditional landfills. During landfilling most of the organic carbon in fossil derived products, like plastics, synthetic rubber, textiles and other synthetic materials, As these products take part in the methane gas production, the landfill gas (biogas) can be regarded as a true biofuel. In contrast to incineration, high moisture content in the waste will not decrease the yield of energy per ton of waste. In a reactor landfill treating approximately 100 000 tons of waste per year, a longlived organic fraction corresponding to about 45 000 metric tons of carbon dioxide is longterm accumulated each year. This compensates for the annual carbon dioxide emissions from about 15 000 – 20 000 cars, provided that each one runs 15 000 km per year with fossil fuel. The technique for effective collection of landfill gas, and new techniques to upgrade and liquefy the biogas, have decreased the risk for emissions to the atmosphere. Modern bioreactor landfills have been estimated to have less than 10% diffuse biogas emissions to the atmosphere. Also in Sweden (Helsingborg), plants are built to convert landfill gas to upgraded, liquefied motor fuel. This will lead to strongly reduced diffuse emissions of landfill gas to the atmosphere. The utilization of leachates as forest fertilizer results in an improved biomass production and increased accumulation of soil organic matter. Increased tree and field layer productivity also means that the potential for water evaporation (eg. evapotranspiration) increase, reducing the costs for waste-water treatment or the risk for diffuse ground water pollution. Also in the mineral soil, increased long-lived fractions of humus normally are found. This should be added to the carbon accumulating effect of the landfill itself, where long-lived organic matter, mainly derived from lignin and from fossil fractions as plastics and synthetic textiles is long-term accumulated. In this respect the landfill system has similar effects compared to natural peatlands and lake and sea sediments, Ifproduced biogas is collected effectively, the landfill thus can be an important factor to counteract the “green-house effect” and climate change.

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