Leprosy and Leviticus: A Problem of Semantics and Translation

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
John Wilkinson

For centuries the disease of leprosy and the book of Leviticus have been linked together. The description of skin disease given in the thirteenth chapter of that book has long been thought to be that of the disease known to medicine as leprosy or Hansen's disease as modern leprologists prefer to call it in order to avoid the stigma which still attaches to the name leprosy. As a result, the regulations in that chapter have determined the attitude of Western communities towards persons suffering from this disease, and have largely influenced the public health measures of control applied by these communities when cases of the disease were discovered.

2021 ◽  
pp. 002218562110000
Author(s):  
Michele Ford ◽  
Kristy Ward

The labour market effects in Southeast Asia of the COVID-19 pandemic have attracted considerable analysis from both scholars and practitioners. However, much less attention has been paid to the pandemic’s impact on legal protections for workers’ and unions’ rights, or to what might account for divergent outcomes in this respect in economies that share many characteristics, including a strong export orientation in labour-intensive industries and weak industrial relations institutions. Having described the public health measures taken to control the spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia, Cambodia and Vietnam, this article analyses governments’ employment-related responses and their impact on workers and unions in the first year of the pandemic. Based on this analysis, we conclude that the disruption caused to these countries’ economies, and societies, served to reproduce existing patterns of state–labour relations rather than overturning them.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Giebel ◽  
Kerry Hanna ◽  
Manoj Rajagopal ◽  
Aravind Komuravelli ◽  
Jacqueline Cannon ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Sudden public health restrictions can be difficult to comprehend for people with cognitive deficits. However, these are even more important for them to adhere to due to their increased levels of vulnerability, particularly to COVID-19. With a lack of previous evidence, we explored the understanding and changes in adherence to COVID-19 public health restrictions over time in people living with dementia (PLWD). Methods Unpaid carers and PLWD were interviewed over the phone in April 2020, shortly after the nationwide UK lockdown, with a proportion followed up from 24th June to 10th July. Participants were recruited via social care and third sector organisations across the UK, and via social media. Findings A total of 70 interviews (50 baseline, 20 follow-up) were completed with unpaid carers and PLWD. Five themes emerged: Confusion and limited comprehension; Frustration and burden; Putting oneself in danger; Adherence to restrictions in wider society; (Un) changed perceptions. Most carers reported limited to no understanding of the public health measures in PLWD, causing distress and frustration for both the carer and the PLWD. Due to the lack of understanding, some PLWD put themselves in dangerous situations without adhering to the restrictions. PLWD with cognitive capacity who participated understood the measures and adhered to these. Discussion In light of the new second wave of the pandemic, public health measures need to be simpler for PLWD to avoid unwilful non-adherence. Society also needs to be more adaptive to the needs of people with cognitive disabilities more widely, as blanket rules cause distress to the lives of those affected by dementia.


2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
Laura French Bourgeois ◽  
Allison Harell ◽  
Laura B. Stephenson

The outbreak of COVID-19 has put substantial pressure on individuals to adapt and change their behaviours. As the hope of a vaccine remains at least a year away, everyone is urged to take action to slow the spread of the virus. Thus, “flattening the curve” has become vital in preventing medical systems from being overrun, and it relies on massive collective action by citizens to follow specific public health measures such as physical distancing, hand washing, and physical isolation for vulnerable individuals. Despite the recommendations, the public has often been confronted with the reality that some individuals are not respecting them, including elected officials (Aguilar, 2020).


1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-169
Author(s):  
John Wilkinson

For centuries, the identity of the unclean skin conditions described in the thirteenth chapter of the book of Leviticus has been accepted as that of the disease we know today as leprosy or Hansen's disease. These conditions are denoted there by the Hebrew term ṣārā'ath, which means by derivation ‘a stroke’, and by usage ‘an unclean skin disease’. This word has frequently been translated simply as ‘leprosy’, and it is used with this meaning in modern Hebrew. However, it has become increasingly uncertain in recent times that the identification of ṣārā'ath with modern leprosy is a valid one, and this identification is now widely questioned.


2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy E. Parmet ◽  
Anthony Robbins

Public health professionals recognize the critical role the law plays in determining the success of public health measures. Even before September 11, 2001, public health experience with tobacco use, HIV, industrial pollution and other potent threats to the health of the public demonstrated that laws can assist or thwart public health efforts. The new focus on infectious threats and bioterrorism, starting with the anthrax attacks through the mail and continuing with SARS, has highlighted the important role of law.For lawyers to serve as effective partners in public health, they should have a basic familiarity with public health: how public health professionals see the world and the key issues they tackle. A practical grasp of public health can be acquired, and often is acquired, “on the job.”


Author(s):  
Narelle Campbell ◽  
Sandra C. Thompson ◽  
Anna Tynan ◽  
Louise Townsin ◽  
Lauren A. Booker ◽  
...  

This national study investigated the positives reported by residents experiencing the large-scale public health measures instituted in Australia to manage the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Most Australians had not previously experienced the traditional public health measures used (social distancing, hand hygiene and restriction of movement) and which could potentially impact negatively on mental well-being. The research design included qualitative semi-structured phone interviews where participants described their early pandemic experiences. Data analysis used a rapid identification of themes technique, well-suited to large-scale qualitative research. The ninety participants (mean age 48 years; 70 women) were distributed nationally. Analysis revealed five themes linked with mental well-being and the concept of silver linings: safety and security, gratitude and appreciation, social cohesion and connections, and opportunities to reset priorities and resilience. Participants demonstrated support for the public health measures and evidence of individual and community resilience. They were cognisant of positives despite personal curtailment and negative impacts of public health directives. Stories of hope, strength, and acceptance, innovative connections with others and focusing on priorities and opportunities within the hardship were important strategies that others could use in managing adversity.


Author(s):  
Tatiana Borges DIAS ◽  
Rosângela Fátima da COSTA

A hanseníase é uma doença infectocontagiosa crônica, transmitida pelo Mycobacterium leprae, parasita intracelular que acomete células cutâneas e células nervosas periféricas. A enfermidade tem cura, porém se tratada tardiamente pode evoluir para deformidades físicas permanentes, repercutindo nos aspectos físicos, psicológicos, econômicos e sociais da vida do indivíduo. Além disso, o estigma se constitui como fator desencadeante para o surgimento de transtornos mentais, como ansiedade e depressão. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar a prevalência dos indicadores de ansiedade e depressão em pessoas com hanseníase atendidas pela rede pública de saúde de um município do noroeste paulista, bem como caracterizar a população pesquisada em suas condições sociodemográficas. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo e descritivo, realizado com 21 indivíduos que estão ou que estiveram em tratamento contra a hanseníase num período de dois anos. Foram utilizados Inventários Beck de Depressão (BDI) a fim de avaliar graus de depressão, Inventários Beck de Ansiedade (BAI) para verificar sintomas ansiosos e Questionários Sociodemográficos para levantar as características dos entrevistados. Os resultados revelaram que 43% dos participantes manifestaram níveis leves nos protocolos BAI, enquanto nos protocolos BDI foram demonstrados níveis mínimos por 48%. Quanto ao perfil sociodemográfico, observou-se que a maior parte dos pesquisados são homens (71%), com 60 anos ou mais (52%), casados (71%), brancos (71%), católicos (57%), com ensino fundamental incompleto (48%), assalariados (43%), com renda familiar entre 1 e 3 salários mínimos (71%).  Logo, concluiu-se que os participantes, em sua maioria, apresentaram níveis leves para ansiedade e mínimos para depressão.   SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE AND THE PREVALENCE OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN PEOPLE WITH HANSEN’S DISEASE   ABSTRACT Hansen’s disease is a chronic infectious and contagious disease, transmitted by Mycobacterium leprae, an intracellular parasite that attacks the skin and peripheral nerve cells. Such disease is curable, however, when belatedly treated it may evolve to permanent physical deformities, affecting the physical, psychological, economic, and social factors of the subject’s life. Moreover, a stigma is constituted as a triggering factor for mental disorders occurrences, such as anxiety and depression. Accordingly, the present paper aims at investigating the prevalence of anxiety and depression markers in people with Hansen’s disease assisted by the public unit care in a municipality in northwest of São Paulo State, as well as describing the researched population in their socio-demographic conditions. It is a quantitative descriptive study, which was undertaken with 21 subjects who are/were under treatment for Hansen’s disease for a period of two years. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used in order to evaluate the depression levels, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used to verify anxiety symptoms and a Socio-demographic Questionnaire for collecting data about the characteristics of the interviewees.  The results revealed that 43% of the participants presented mild levels for BAI protocols, whereas for BDI mild levels were found for 48% of them. Regarding socio-demographic profile, it was observed that most of the researched subjects were male (71%), 60-year-old or more (52%), married (71%), white (71%), catholic (57%), incomplete elementary school (48%), employed (43%), monthly family income between 1 and 3 minimum wages (71%). Thus, we conclude that the participants, in their majority, present mild levels of anxiety and depression.   Descriptors: Hansen’s disease. Anxiety. Depression.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muneeba Azmat

The pandemic of the 2019 novel Coronavirus has seen unprecedented exponential growth. Within three months, 192 countries have been affected, crossing more than 1 million confirmed cases and over 60 thousand deaths until the first week of April. Decision making in such a pandemic becomes difficult due to limited data on the nature of the disease and its propagation, course, prevention, and treatment. The pandemic response has varied from country to country and has resulted in a heterogeneous timeline for novel Coronavirus propagation. We compared the public health measures taken by various countries and the potential impact on the spread. We studied 6 countries including China, Italy, South Korea, Singapore, United Kingdom(UK), United States(US), and the special administrative region of Hong Kong. All articles, press releases, and websites of government entities published over a five-month period were included. A comparison of the date of the first diagnosed case, the spread of disease, and time since the first case and major public health policy implemented for prevention and containment and current cases was done. An emphasis on early and aggressive border restriction and surveillance of travelers from infected areas, use of information technology, and social distancing is necessary for control of the novel pandemic. Moving forwards, improvement in infrastructure, and adequate preparedness for pandemics is required.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 552-552
Author(s):  
Gwen McGhan ◽  
Deirdre McCaughey

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted all of our lives, but the population most at risk are older adults. Canadians over the age of 60 account for 36% of all COVID-19 cases but 95% of the deaths, and over two-thirds of ICU admissions. Older adults with chronic health conditions are especially at risk. Prior to COVID-19, family caregivers (FCGs) for older adults were managing their caregiving duties at the limits of their emotional, physical and financial capacity. As such, FCGs need special consideration during these times of uncertainty to support them in their role and enable the continuation of care for their older adult family members. This symposium will report on independently conducted studies from across Canada that have examined how the pandemic and associated public health measures have influenced resource utilization by FCGs and the older adults for whom they provide care. McAiney et al’s study examines the deleterious effect of reduced services on community dwelling FCGs and the wellbeing of their family member with dementia. Parmar & Anderson examined the effect of pandemic restrictions on FCGs of frail older adults and found they were experiencing increased distress and decreased wellbeing. Flemons et al report on the experiences of FCGs managing caregiving without critical services and the effect of restrictive visiting policies and the well-being of the caregiving dyad (FCGs and family member with dementia). Finally, McGhan et al will share how FCGs evaluated the efficacy of public health measures and the public health messaging about the pandemic.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriy Gankin ◽  
Vladimir Koniukhovskii ◽  
Alina Nemira ◽  
Gerardo Chowell ◽  
Thomas A. Weppelmann ◽  
...  

AbstractThe novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China in December 2019 and has rapidly spread around the globe. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020 just three months after the introduction of the virus. Individual nations have implemented and enforced with varying degrees of success a variety of social distancing interventions to slow the virus spread. Investigating the role of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission in different settings is an important research. While most transmission modeling studies have focused on the dynamics in China, neighboring Asian counties, Western Europe, and North America, there is a scarcity of studies for Eastern Europe. This study starts to fill this gap by analyzing the characteristics of the first epidemic wave in Ukraine using mathematical and statistical models together with epidemiological and genomic sequencing data. Using an agent-based model, the trajectory of the first wave in terms of cases and deaths and explore the impact of quarantine strategies via simulation studies have been characterized. The implemented stochastic model for epidemic counts suggests, that even a small delay of weeks could have increased the number of cases by up to 50%, with the potential to overwhelm hospital systems. The genomic data analysis suggests that there have been multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into Ukraine during the early stages of the epidemic with eight distinct transmission clusters identified. The basic reproduction number for the epidemic has been estimated independently both from case counts data and from genomic data. The findings support the hypothesis that, the public health measures did not have a decreasing effect on the existing viral population number at the time of implementation, since strains were detected after the quarantine date. However, the public health measures did help to prevent the appearance of new (and potentially more virulent) SARS-CoV-2 variants in Ukraine.


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