Alachlor and Metribuzin Movement and Dissipation in a Soil Profile as Influenced by Soil Surface Condition

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Jones ◽  
Philip A. Banks ◽  
David E. Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
No Till ◽  
Rate Of Dissipation

The influence of wheat straw cover, tillage, and irrigation on metribuzin and alachlor movement and dissipation in an Appling coarse sandy loam (Typic Hapludult) and the influence of soil depth on their rate of dissipation were measured in field and laboratory experiments conducted in 1987 and 1988. Overall, metribuzin moved more than alachlor in both years. Alachlor movement was greater in tilled plots compared to no-till plots in 1988. Metribuzin movement was greater in no-till plots in 1987. Straw cover had little effect on the movement of alachlor, but the presence of 2800 kg ha−1of straw on the soil surface increased the downward movement of metribuzin in both years compared to soil with no straw cover. The rate of alachlor dissipation in the soil was faster in straw-covered and no-till plots in both years and in the high irrigation level in 1988. Metribuzin dissipation was not affected by any of these factors. Alachlor rate of dissipation did not differ among depths in the field; however, dissipation differed in the laboratory in the order 0 to 20 cm > 20 to 45 cm = 45 to 68 cm. Metribuzin dissipated faster at the 8-cm depth in the field compared to the 58-cm depth. In the laboratory, metribuzin dissipation rates followed the order 0 to 20 cm > 20 to 45 cm > 45 to 68 cm. At the greatest depth, the dissipation of metribuzin was faster in the field than in the laboratory.

Effect of Straw, Ash, and Tillage on Dissipation of Imazaquin and Imazethapyr

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Dale Monks ◽  
Philip A. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
No Till ◽  
Rate Of Dissipation ◽  
Straw Ash

Experiments were conducted on a Cedarbluff silt loam and a Cecil sandy loam to determine dissipation of imazaquin and imazethapyr as influenced by burning small-grain straw and tillage prior to soybean planting. Corn bioassay detection limits for imazaquin and imazethapyr in the Cedarbluff silt loam were 2.5 to 30 and 5 to 40 ppbw, respectively. Bioassay detection limits for imazaquin and imazethapyr in the Cecil sandy loam were 2.5 to 20 and 10 to 40 ppbw, respectively. Imazaquin and imazethapyr activity was not detectable in soil by 110 to 152 d after treatment. Imazethapyr dissipation was not affected by burning or tillage in the Cedarbluff silt loam and dissipated more slowly in 1989 than imazaquin. Imazaquin dissipation in the Cedarbluff silt loam in 1988 was slower in burned plots than in nonburned plots but was not affected by burning in 1989. No differences were observed between imazaquin and imazethapyr dissipation in the Cecil sandy loam and neither burning or tillage influenced their rate of dissipation in either year. No-till-planted cotton was injured at both locations by imazaquin and imazethapyr that had been applied the previous year.

scholarly journals Leaching Potential of Some Omani Soils: Soil Column and Drip Irrigation Studies

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
M. Ahmed ◽  
S.A. AI-Rawahy ◽  
M.S. AI-Kalbani ◽  
J.K. AI-Handaly
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Marked Accumulation ◽  
Leaching Experiments

This paper reports the findings from leaching experiments conducted on some Omani soils. Seven samples from two locations in the Batinah coastal area of Oman were analyzed. Repacked soil columns of up to 30 cm in length were used in laboratory experiments to estimate the amount of water required for adequate leaching of salts from the soil profile. Two methods of leaching: continuous ponding and intermittent ponding were investigated. Results show that most of the salt (50-90%) is removed from the soil profile by the application of water equal in amount to the depth of soil to be leached. The results also show that intermittent ponding method of leaching is more efficient than the continuous ponding method of leaching if initial salinity level is high. Soil samples were also collected to find out the salinity status under drip irrigation. It clearly demonstrates that drip irrigation is very effective in removing salts from soil near the emitters although there is a marked accumulation of salts on the soil surface between emitters.

VERTICAL MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA (NEMATODEA) UNDER TOMATO IN A SANDY LOAM GREENHOUSE SOIL

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. JOHNSON ◽  
C. D. McKEEN
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Greenhouse Soil ◽  
Tomato Yield

The southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White 1919) Chitwood 1949, escaped control by steam, Vorlex, or a combination of both at soil depths below 100 cm in naturally infested sandy loam greenhouse soil. Nematodes moved upward to infest the subsequent crop. In microplot studies M. incognita moved rapidly in both directions through a soil depth of 150 cm. High nematode population densities and root gall indices on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) roots were recorded through depths of 150 cm in soil inoculated with 4,400 M. incognita/kg in the top 30 cm or 120–135 cm below the surface. In the top 30 cm of soil this initial population density reduced tomato yield by 20% in the first crop and 70% in the second. Similar population densities 120–135 cm from the soil surface reduced tomato yield by 11% in the first crop and 59% in the second.

scholarly journals Phosphate fertilization and phosphorus forms in an Oxisol under no-till

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dácio Olibone ◽  
Ciro Antonio Rosolem
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
P Availability ◽  
No Till ◽  
Triple Super Phosphate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Top 40

Under no-till phosphorus (P) accumulates in a few centimeters of the topsoil layer. Plant residues left on the soil surface release P and organic acids, which may improve P availability and fertilizer efficiency, including both soluble (such as triple super phosphate) and less soluble sources (such as reactive natural phosphates). In this study, soybean response to P fertilizer and P forms in the top 40 cm of an Oxisol were evaluated after surface application of different phosphates in a 5-year-old no-till system. Treatments consisted of 0 or 80 kg ha-1 of total P2O5 applied on the soil surface, both as natural reactive phosphate (NRP) or triple super phosphate (TSP). In addition, 80 kg ha-1 of P2O5 were applied to subplots, in furrows below and beside the soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds, in different combinations of NRP and TSP. Soil samples were taken before and after the soybean growth, down to 0.40 m and soil phosphorus was chemically fractionated. The responses to NRP were similar to TSP, with an increase in P reserves at greater depths, even in non-available forms, such as P-occluded. After the soybean harvest, P-occluded levels were lower at the surface layer, but an increase was observed in the soluble, organic and total P down to 40 cm. An improved P distribution in soil depth, especially regarding the soluble and organic forms, resulted in higher soybean yields, even when the phosphates were applied to the soil surface.

Distribution of iron, manganese and phosphorus in the paddy soil profile

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Islam ◽  
A. A. Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Waterlogged Condition ◽  
Iron Manganese

Soils collected from paddy fields were kept in a waterlogged condition in glass cylinders with and without drainage. After about 2 months of waterlogging soil samples were collected from each cm. depths of the cylinders, both from the bright and dark sides of the cylinders. The soil samples were analysed for iron, manganese and phosphorus. At the beginning these elements were uniformly distributed throughout the entire soil depth, but as a result of waterlogging a distribution pattern developed. More of these elements concentrated on the surface and illuminated sides of the cylinders. It is assumed that such a phenomenon also occurs in the paddy field. These elements by concentrating on the soil surface limit the feeding zones to the top 3–5 cm. of the soil.

Effects of Tillage on the Efficacy and Persistence of Clomazone in Soybean (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anthony Mills ◽  
William W. Witt ◽  
Michael Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
No Till ◽  
Giant Foxtail

Experiments were conducted in 1985 to 1987 to evaluate the effects of conventional and no-tillage systems on the weed control provided by clomazone applied preemergence in soybeans. The persistence of clomazone in soil of the two tillage systems was also determined. Increasing the clomazone rate from 0.8 to 1.4 kg/ha did not increase weed control. Clomazone controlled 80% or more of jimsonweed, velvetleaf, and giant foxtail. Common cocklebur control ranged from about 50 to 70% in no-till and from 80 to 90% in conventional tillage. Generally, soybean pods/plant and yields were lower from clomazone treatments than from handweeded treatments due to inadequate common cocklebur control. Over 40% of the clomazone applied did not reach the soil surface; it was either intercepted by wheat straw, volatilized, or both. Clomazone persisted longer in conventional tillage than in no-tillage in. However, in 1986, clomazone was equally persistent in the two tillage systems. The half-life of clomazone was 34 and 6 days in 1985 in conventional and no-tillage, respectively, and in 1986, 18 and 16 days in conventional and no-tillage, respectively. Significant clomazone concentrations were not found below 10 cm in the soil profile. Corn planted without tillage (no-till) approximately 1 yr after clomazone application was not injured and yields were not reduced due to prior clomazone use.

scholarly journals Short Communication:Laboratory assessment of ammonia volatilization from pig slurries applied on intact soil cores from till and no-till plots

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. e11SC01
Author(s):  
Stefania C. Maris ◽  
Angela D. Bosch-Serra ◽  
M.-Rosa Teira-Esmatges ◽  
Francesc Domingo-Olivé ◽  
Elena González-Llinàs
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
No Till ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Measurements

Aim of study: Agricultural activities are the main source of volatilized ammonia (NH3). Maximum rates are reached within a few hours after slurry application. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of soil texture, tillage and slurry dry matter (DM) on NH3 volatilization.Area of study: Mediterranean semiarid environments (NE Spain).Material and methods: Ammonia volatilization from pig slurry directly applied on the soil surface was quantified in the laboratory, in soil samples from two experimental sites with different soil textures: silty loam and sandy loam. Field treatments consisted of two tillage management practices: till by disc-harrowing or no-till. At topdressing (cereal tillering), tillage treatments were combined with slurries of different DM contents applied onto the silty loam soil. Measurements were done for two cereal cropping seasons and during the period of maximum NH3 flux (12 h after slurry application). A photoacoustic analyzer was used.Main results: Slurry spreading at sowing resulted in low volatilization (0.7-9% of NH4+-N applied) as it also did at topdressing (0.3-1.4% of NH4+-N applied). At sowing, ammonia volatilization from high DM slurry (>7.5%) was significantly enhanced by no-till in both soils. At topdressing, this result was also found in records on silty loam soil. No differences were found between tillage systems when slurry of low DM content was applied, whatever the soil texture and application moment. Although NH3 volatilization was probably affected by the laboratory conditions, the comparisons between treatments were still valuable.Research highlights: Ammonia volatilization abatement can be improved (<1 kg NH3-N ha-1) if fertilization is done after crop establishment using low DM slurries (<3.5%).

scholarly journals To the question of diagnostics and protection of soils from deflation in Stavropol territory

2021 ◽  
Vol 205 (02) ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
Viktor Belobrov ◽  
Viktor Dridiger ◽  
Sergey Yudin ◽  
Nikita Ermolaev
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Humus Horizon ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Forest Belt ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Morphometric Method ◽  
No Till ◽  
Pure Steam

Abstract. The research aim is to assess the degree of deflation when comparing traditional crop cultivation technology using soil treatment and no-till. Object of research is located on the territory of the Ipatovsky district of the Stavropol territory, where the method of evaluating the deflation of ordinary chernozems (WRB 2006 Voronic Chernozems Pachic) by morphometric indicators and properties of the soil profile has been tested on the example of 2 farms using different technologies. Methods. In this research, a morphometric method for estimating deflation was used, based on measuring the capacity of the humus horizon of soils based on data from manual drilling of wells fixed by GPS in 5-fold repetition. Results and practical significance. The obtained data revealed a decrease in the capacity of the humus horizon in the treated soils (on average by 19-21 cm) compared to the soils of the farm that has been using no-till technology for the past 13 years. The forest belt serves as a buffer zone, it accumulates the dusty material of chernozems carried out during deflation with a capacity of up to 40-50 cm. Deflation of arable soils is caused by cultivation and use of pure steam in crop rotations (every third year). It leads to the transformation of the soil profile as a whole, changing the species composition of chernozems by one gradation from medium and carbonate (no-till) to low-power and high-carbon (traditional technology). The reduction or cessation of deflation of chernozems in the no-till technology is associated with its anti-deflation feature – the distribution of crop residues on the soil surface, the refusal to use pure steam, which together leads to the restoration of degraded properties of chernozems. Scientific innovation consists in testing a field morphometric method for estimating deflation in time and space, which can be used for monitoring soil cover (soil mapping, agrochemical surveys, etc.) or targeted research.

Leaching of salts as affected by the method of water application and atmospheric evaporativity under shallow and saline water-table conditions

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Minhas ◽  
B. K. Khosla
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Flow ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Leaching Efficiency

SummaryField studies on leaching a highly saline sandy loam soil having a shallow groundwater table showed that application of 150 mm water in two equal parts at 10 days interval had no distinct advantage over a single application of the whole amount. On the contrary, the surface-accumulated salts were displaced to a lesser extent and the salt peak remained at a shallower depth under split application, particularly during periods of high atmospheric evaporativity when the leached salts tended to move upward between successive water applications. A soil mulch created by shallow tillage reduced evaporation losses and curtailed upward movement of salts, resulting in nearly 10% increase in leaching efficiency. Significantly a small quantity of water (0·41 cm leaching water per unit soil depth) sufficed for 70% chloride removal, indicating that under the prevailing conditions a larger fraction of the pores contributed to the leaching process. A compact layer, having a bulk density of 1·69 g/cm3, at the soil surface, also appeared to be related to the higher leaching efficiency by maintaining a preponderance of unsaturated flow.

MOVEMENT AND LOSS OF NITRATE FOLLOWING HEAVY APPLICATIONS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE TO A POORLY DRAINED SOIL

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. MILLS ◽  
M. A. ZWARICH
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Poorly Drained Soils ◽  
Digested Sewage Sludge ◽  
Heavy Application ◽  
Very High

Three fields which received a heavy application of digested sewage sludge were studied over a 6-yr period to determine the accumulation, movement and losses of nitrate. The soils were fine textured and predominantly poorly drained. After an initial fallow year, the fields were cropped to cereals. Very high nitrate concentrations were found near the soil surface for several years. Downward movement of nitrate was very slow. There was a continuous loss of nitrate over the study period; this was attributed to denitrification. Laboratory experiments using 15N were conducted to determine the rate of denitrification and the soil conditions that were favorable to the reaction. The denitrification intensity of the soil profile decreased with depth, but was still appreciable at the greatest depth. When oxygen diffusion in the soil was slow and oxygen demand was high, denitrification occurred within a few centimetres of the soil surface or an air-filled pore. Poorly drained soils promote denitrification and offer some protection against the risk of nitrate pollution of groundwater.

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