Improvement of yield in Guizotia abyssinica (L.F.) Cass. by using backcross method

Guizotia abyssinica (L.F.) Cass. is one of the important oilseed crops cultivated in India. The seed of the plant is used by the tribal and rural people of our country as a source of edible oil. The present investigation of the Niger plant deals with the study of the back cross-program and improvement in the variety. Unknown local variety (A) of niger was selected as a non-recurrent parent because of having some desirable characters like less vegetative growth (dwarf), resistance to waterlogged condition, and large seed grains while IGP-76 variety (B) was selected as a recurrent parent and used as a female having characters like small black grains, resistant to leaf-eating cater Piller and powdery mildew result shows successfully transfer of the characters in the F1 generation. The average number of capitulum/plant shows very good and positive results in F1 as well as BC1 generation. As compared to the recurrent parent (B) an average number of capitulum per plant was increased in F1 generation by 14.28% and in BC1 generation by 28.5%. The table indicates that there is incensement in the average number of seeds per capitulum. The average number of seeds per capitulum was increased by 8.3% in the F1 generation and by 11.11 % in the BC1 generation as compared to the recurrent parent. Average weights of 1000 seeds were also increased in F1 generation by 31.78% and in BC1 generation by 47.28% along with the total yield per plant.

Response of Indonesian rice varieties to iron toxicity under field and green house condition

Excess of reduced iron (Fe2+) will affect the plant growth of rice when it is grown under waterlogged condition. Some rice genotypes have been identified tolerance to iron toxicity with different mechanism-type of tolerance. This study aims to identify the response of some rice genotypes to iron toxicity, and to evaluate their consistency in the greenhouse screening method and the field condition. The experiments were conducted in iron toxicity hotspot area, Banyuasin (South Sumatera) and the control as irrigated rice field was in Sukamandi (West Java). The green house experiment of Fe toxicity was done using 400 ppm of Iron with Yoshida Agar Solution method. The response of rice plant to iron toxicity was observed on leaf bronzing score (LBS), iron content and uptake, biomass, yield and yield components and stress tolerant index (STI). We found that there was not clear relationship between the iron content with the leaf bronzing symptom depending on type of tolerant while the stress tolerance index was corelated with the yield. There were two varieties was identified as tolerant, namely Cilamaya Muncul as includer tolerant genotype and Awan Kuning as the excluder tolerant genotype. The information of the distinct response those rice germplasms can be used for recommendation for further study and development of rice tolerant to iron toxicity condition.

Evaluation of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids for Economic Heterosis under Different Soil Moisture Regimes at North Eastern Plain Zone of India

The present experiment was conducted to understand the effect of soil moisture status on the economic or standard heterosis in fifty maize hybrids for grain yield and flowering traits. The trials were planted at Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi in alpha-lattice design with two replications. The analysis of variance revealed the significant differences for grain yield and flowering related traits such as days to 50% anthesis, days to 50% silking and anthesis-silking interval under all the moisture conditions including optimal, managed drought and managed waterlogging conditions. Significant amount of heterosis was observed over the selected check P3502 for all the traits under study; however, the magnitude and direction varied with traits and with soil moisture level. For days to 50% anthesis, hybrids ZH17192, VH112926, VH123021, ZH114250, ZH16929 and ZH16930 were showed significant negative heterosis under all the moisture conditions that explained earliness under both moisture-stress and normal conditions. Among the tested hybrids, VH123021 and ZH16929 were recorded significant negative standard heterosis for flowering traits; and significant positive heterosis for grain yield under all the three moisture conditions. Six hybrids under drought, seven hybrids under optimal and two hybrids under waterlogged condition showed positive standard heterosis for grain yield. Further evaluation of these hybrids at multi-locations and multi-year is advisable to confirm the promising findings observed in our study. This study could be valuable for development of climate-resilient maize hybrids.

Effect of Simulated Waterlogging Condition Imposed at Early Vegetative Growth on Final Yield in Greengram (Vigna radiata)

Background: ‘Rain’ plays a very important role since most of the agricultural productivity is rainfall dependent. However at the same time unpredictable and untimely rainfall are also responsible for crop loss. In India, our North-eastern region receives the highest amount of rainfall. Even in pre-monsoon season, our region receives very high amount of rainfall which hampers the crop production, especially the summer season greengram. Hence, an effort had been made to screen some genotypes of summer greengram, tolerant to waterlogging condition. A study was carried out during the summer season to evaluate the physiological performance of some greengram genotypes as influenced by waterlogging condition of varying duration imposed at early vegetative stage of growth.Methods: From an initial screening of forty genotypes in laboratory condition, five genotypes were selected based on germination percentage, seedling length and vigour index. These five genotypes were further evaluated in a pot experiment with four treatment combinations comprising of control (T1), waterlogging for 4 days (T2), waterlogging for 8 days (T3) and waterlogging for 12 days (T4). Waterlogging conditions were created in the pots at the time of sowing. Result: Water logging caused adverse effect on growth and development of all the genotypes, with the longest waterlogging showing severe deleterious effect. The parameters viz. germination percentage, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, plant height, nitrate reductase activity, number of seeds pod-1, pods plant-1, root length, number of root nodules plant-1 and harvest index were found to decline under waterlogged condition whereas, lipid peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity showed higher values under waterlogged condition. The performance of the genotype Sadiya Local was found to be the best from the point of view of tolerance as indicated by higher seed yield followed by AKM 12-28. The better performance of this genotype appeared to be related to the higher values for some traits viz. germination percentage, leaf chlorophyll, nitrate reductase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, number of pods plant-1 and harvest index.

The effects of a QTL for root development under hypoxia on yield of soybean exposed to 7-day waterlogging at seedling stage

In humid parts of the world, waterlogging is a major environmental stress limiting the yield of soybean and its root development is an important indicator of tolerance. Recently, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for this trait were detected on the chromosome 12 of soybean through the analyses of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from a cross between a hypoxia-sensitive cultivar, Tachinagaha, and a tolerant landrace, Iyodaizu. In this study, in order to get a detailed understanding of these QTLs, NIL-9-4-5, a near-isogenic line (NIL), was selected from Tachinagaha/Iyodaizu BC6F2 population through marker assisted selection (MAS). NIL-9-4-5 was then tested for yield performance under waterlogging conditions exposed at the seedling stage. The test was conducted in a greenhouse in 2015 and 2018 at the Experimental Farm of Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Soybean plants were grown in pots containing loam soil. From six days after germination, seedlings were grown for 7 days under two treatments: drained (control) and waterlogging conditions. Pots were kept in containers where the water level was maintained at 2.0 cm depth from bottom in the control and at 2.0 cm above the soil surface in waterlogged condition. Experimental results consistently showed that seed yields of both Iyodaizu and NIL-9-4-5 were not reduced under waterlogging. Compared to Tachinagaha, NIL-9-4-5 showed higher root development and increased seed yield under waterlogging. These indicate that the tested QTLs are able to increase yield by stimulating root development under waterlogging.

PENGARUH GENANGAN AIR TERHADAP PENGECORAN BETON IN-SITU

ABSTRACTHigh rainfall intensity maybe occur during the dry season. This can certainly disturb the erection of a building project, especially in a case of construction works requiring dry condition, such in concrete item. Various attempts have been made to reduce the height of the puddle, when mixing the fresh concrete in a frame work of sub-structure elements, e.g. the foot-plate foundation. The puddles in the foundry area potentially affect the composition of the mortar especially in water-cement ratio (wcr). This caused a decrease of compressive strength (f’c) of the concrete then causing the quality decreaseof the concrete. This research used two types of mixed concreteconditions: dry and waterlogged condition. The water cement ratioshould be changed when mixing concrete had been performed in waterlogged condition. One determinedcontrol sample was based on a normal concrete mixture with characteristic strength (f'c) = 25 MPa. The standard of concrete mixing used is SNI-2834-2000 on the mixingprocedure of a normal concrete mixed design. The concrete sampleswere tested using a concrete compressor universal test machine (UTM) than comparedto hammer and Ultra Pulse Velocity (UPV) test.Based on the results of the study, the quality of mixed concrete in waterlogged conditions was much lower than the compressive strength design. The percentage reduction in compressed strength of mixed concrete under water submerged conditions ranged from 30.82% to 32.63% to normal concrete compressive strength. The higher level of puddlecaused the lower compressive strength of the concrete.There was a match between the measurements of concrete compressive strength using UTM comparedto hammer and UPV tests.The percentage differences in measurement of hammer test to UTM test results were 10.73% and 9.26% to 21.79% by the UPV test. Keywords: concrete, foot plate, mix design, puddle, wcr Intesitas hujan yang cukup tinggi juga dapat terjadi pada musim kemarau. Hal ini tentu dapat mengganggu pelaksanaan suatu pekerjaan bangunan, khususnya pekerjaan konstruksi yang telah disyaratkan untuk dikerjakan dalam kondisi kering. Berbagai macam upaya telah dilakukan untuk mengurangi tinggi genangan air pada saat pengecoran elemen sub-structure, seperti halnya pondasi telapak (foot-plate). Genangan air yang terdapat pada daerah pengecoran berpotensi mempengaruhi komposisi adukan khususnya pada faktor air semen (fas). Hal tersebut dapat mengakibatkan kuat tekan beton (f’c) berkurang sehingga mengakibatkan mutu beton menjadi berkurang. Kajian ini menggunakan dua jenis kondisi pengecoran, yaitu: kondisi kering dan kondisi pada genangan air. Faktor air semen berubah seiring dengan kegiatan pengecoran beton dalam kondisi basah (tergenang air). Satu buah sampel kontrol telah ditentukan berdasarkan adukan beton normal dengan kekuatan karakteristik (f’c) = 25 MPa. Standar pencampuran beton yang digunakan adalah SNI-2834-2000 tentang tata cara pembuatan rencana campuran beton normal. Sampel beton akan diuji dengan alat kuat tekan beton yang dilengkapi dengan dial ekstensometer sehingga dapat diperoleh kurva tegangan-regangan beton berdasarkan variasi fas yang diberikan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitianmaka kualitas beton yang dicor dalam kondisi tergenang air jauh lebih rendah dari nilai kuat tekan beton desain, Persentase penurunan kuat tekan beton yang dicor dalam kondisi terendam air berkisar antara 30,82% sampai dengan 32,63% terhadap kuat tekan beton normal, Semakin tinggi genangan air maka semakin rendah kuat tekan beton, Terdapat kesesuaian antara pengukuran kuat tekan beton menggunakan UTM dengan uji hammer dan UPV, Persentase perbedaan pengukuran uji hammer terhadap hasil uji UTM adalah 10,73% dan 9,26% sampai dengan Kualitas beton yang dicor dalam kondisi tergenang air jauh lebih rendah dari nilai kuat tekan beton desain, Persentase penurunan kuat tekan beton yang dicor dalam kondisi terendam air berkisar antara 30,82% sampai dengan 32,63% terhadap kuat tekan beton normal, Semakin tinggi genangan air maka semakin rendah kuat tekan beton, Terdapat kesesuaian antara pengukuran kuat tekan beton menggunakan UTM dengan uji hammer dan UPV, Persentase perbedaan pengukuran uji hammer terhadap hasil uji UTM adalah 10,73% dan 9,26% sampai dengan21,79% untuk uji UPV.Kata kunci: beton, foot plate, genangan, campuran

Tolerance of apple rootstocks to short-term waterlogging

ABSTRACT: Until few years ago there were limited options of apple rootstocks commercially available for Brazilian growers; although, new series of Geneva® rootstocks introduced recently present desirable features such as vigor control and wider lateral branch angle. On the main apple producing regions of Brazil, intermittent rainfall eventually occurs and waterlogged condition is frequent especially in high clay oxisols; in addition, little is known about the tolerance of rootstocks M.9, Marubakaido/M.9 interstock, G.202, G.213 and G.814 to waterlogging. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the tolerance of these rootstocks to short-term waterlogging on root and aerial parameters. Potted ‘Maxi Gala’ apple plants were kept under 48 hours of waterlogging weekly throughout 19 weeks to be compared with a normal hydric condition control. The evaluated variables were: leaf, stem and root dry matter, number and length of new root emission, and number of leaves, mean leaf size and chlorophyll content. Rootstocks G.202, G.814 and Marubakaido/M.9 interstock presented more tolerance to waterlogging, and the main defense mechanism was the emission of new adventitious roots.