scholarly journals Leaching Potential of Some Omani Soils: Soil Column and Drip Irrigation Studies

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
M. Ahmed ◽  
S.A. AI-Rawahy ◽  
M.S. AI-Kalbani ◽  
J.K. AI-Handaly
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Marked Accumulation ◽  
Leaching Experiments

This paper reports the findings from leaching experiments conducted on some Omani soils. Seven samples from two locations in the Batinah coastal area of Oman were analyzed. Repacked soil columns of up to 30 cm in length were used in laboratory experiments to estimate the amount of water required for adequate leaching of salts from the soil profile. Two methods of leaching: continuous ponding and intermittent ponding were investigated. Results show that most of the salt (50-90%) is removed from the soil profile by the application of water equal in amount to the depth of soil to be leached. The results also show that intermittent ponding method of leaching is more efficient than the continuous ponding method of leaching if initial salinity level is high. Soil samples were also collected to find out the salinity status under drip irrigation. It clearly demonstrates that drip irrigation is very effective in removing salts from soil near the emitters although there is a marked accumulation of salts on the soil surface between emitters.

scholarly journals METHODS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION EFFECTS ON DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN ORCHARD SOILS

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 911A-911
Author(s):  
Warren C. Stiles ◽  
Terence L. Robinson ◽  
W. Shaw Reid
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Surface Application ◽  
Orchard Soils

Fertilizer treatments were applied by spreading over an herbicide-treated in-row strip, with or without irrigation using single-drip emitters per tree, or through drip irrigation. Distribution of nutrients in soils was evaluated by analysis of soil samples collected at various depths and distances from the irrigation emitters at the end of the 8-year experimental period. NO3-N was increased in the 0- to 40-cm depth by soil surface application but below 40 cm with fertigation. Fertigation increased P in the wetted zone within the 0- to 40-cm depths. Surface application of K increased levels primarily in the 0- to 20-cm zone, while fertigation increased K to depths of 80 cm. Zinc and Cu concentrations were increased by fertigation to 80-cm depth. In general, nutrients applied to the soil surface were less readily moved into the soil profile, while fertigation resulted in greater movement of nutrients to greater depths within the wetted zone of soil.

Examination of the Penetration of Enteric Viruses in Soils under Simulated Conditions in the Laboratory

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 197-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Unsaturated Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Coxsackievirus B3 ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Sand Column ◽  
Loam Soil

In two different unsaturated soil columns percolated with artificial rainwater under simulated aerated conditions, transport of coxsackievirus B3 and adenovirus 1 below 3.5 cm under the soil surface could not be demonstrated. The viruses were applied to the columns as seeded sewage sludge. Under saturated conditions transport of water-suspended coxsackievirus B3 was faster in a soil column with sandy loam soil than in a diluvial sand column.

scholarly journals Biosolids in Leaching of Herbicides Mimicking Auxin in Tropical Soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.D. SOUZA ◽  
L.D. TUFFI SANTOS ◽  
W.G. MONTES ◽  
L.R. CRUZ ◽  
A.M. AZEVEDO
Keyword(s):  
Soil Column ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Inert Material ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Leaching Tests ◽  
Leaching Test ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Rain Simulation

ABSTRACT: Biosolids are residues from the treatment of urban fluids used as a source of nutrients for agricultural and forestry crops. The organic matter contained in this residue and its chemical characteristics may interfere with the behavior of herbicides in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of biosolids on the potential for leaching herbicides mimicking auxin. Two simultaneous experiments were performed: a leaching test of picloram + 2.4-D in soil column with addition of thermally treated biosolids or solarized biosolids and another one to evaluate the effect of leachate application from the leaching tests under inert material. Each type of biosolid was incorporated in sandy soil in the proportions of 0%, 50%, 100% and 150% of the maximum recommended dose for subsurface fertilization for eucalyptus. The soil was conditioned in PVC columns and the herbicide columns based on picloram + 2.4-D (Turuna® Commercial Formulation), corresponding to 240 g L-1 of 2.4-D + 64 g L-1 of picloram at a dose of 3.5 L ha-1 of the commercial product. The columns were submitted to rain simulation and the resulting leachate was collected, followed by its application in sand-filled pots. The Cucumis sativus was sown along the profile of the soil columns and in the pots. The incorporation of the biosolid, independently of the type and dose tested did not interfere in the leaching potential of picloram + 2.4-D. Symptoms of intoxication were observed along all soil columns and pots. Therefore this residue is not very effective for the resolution of environmental problems caused by the leaching of auxin-mimicking herbicides in the soil.

Breakdown and Movement of 2,4-D in the Soil Under Field Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilson ◽  
H. H. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Eastern Washington ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The fate of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in the soil under winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Nugaines’) and fallow cropping schemes was studied under the field conditions of eastern Washington in 1973 and 1974 using formulated dimethylamine salt and isooctyl ester of 2,4-D. Soil samples taken 1 hour after herbicide application showed that amine-treated plots retained considerably more applied 2,4-D than ester-treated plots. The rapidity of 2,4-D breakdown decreased gradually with time, and at the end of 6 months, an average of 0.04 ppm of 2,4-D remained in the sampled soil profile regardless of formulation, application rate, or cropping scheme. Loss of 2,4-D from the soil surface in runoff occurred when the plots were irrigated heavily one day after the herbicide application. The herbicide was also leached into the soil profile by both irrigation and natural precipitation. Herbicide concentrations in the sampled portion of the upper soil profile decreased during the summer and then increased slightly in the fall.

scholarly journals Leaching of microplastics by preferential flow in earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) burrows

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Yu ◽  
Martine van der Ploeg ◽  
Esperanza Huerta Lwanga ◽  
Xiaomei Yang ◽  
Shaoliang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Groundwater Systems ◽  
Set Up

Environmental contextMicroplastics found in soil pose several potential environmental risks. This study shows that microplastics on the soil surface can be ingested by earthworms and transported to the lower soil layers. In this way, microplastics may enter the food chain and find their way into groundwater systems, especially in cases where the water table is shallow. AbstractIn the current study, we examine how the activities of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) affect microplastic (MP) distribution and concentration in soil, with a focus on low density polyethylene (LDPE). We also want to determine if MPs can be flushed out with water. We used a laboratory sandy soil column (polyvinyl chloride tube) experimental set-up and tested five different treatments: (1) treatment with just soil (control) to check if the saturated conductivity (Ksat) could be impacted by MP, (2) treatment with MP, (3) treatment with MP and litter, (4) treatment with earthworms and litter as a second control for treatment 5 and (5) treatment with MPs, earthworms and litter. Each treatment consisted of eight replicates. For the treatments with MP, the concentration of MP added at the start of the experiment was 7% by weight (3.97g, polyethylene, 50% 1mm–250µm, 30% 250µm–150µm and 20% <150µm) based on 52.78g of dry litter from Populus nigra. In the treatments using earthworms, two adult earthworms, with an initial average weight of (7.14±0.26) g, were placed in each column. Results showed that LDPE particles could be introduced into the soil by the earthworms. MP particles were detected in each soil sample and within different soil layers for the earthworm treatments. Earthworms showed a tendency to transport the smaller MP particles and that the amount of MPs in size class <250μm increased in soil samples with increasing soil depth in comparison to the other size classes. After leaching, MPs were only detected in the leachate from the treatments with the earthworms, and the MP had similar size distributions as the soil samples in the 40–50cm layer of the treatment with MP, earthworms and litter. The results of this study clearly show that biogenic activities can mobilise MP transport from the surface into the soil and even be leached into drainage. It is highly likely that biogenic activities constitute a potential pathway for MPs to be transported into soil and groundwater.

MOBILITY AND DISSIPATION OF METALAXYL IN TOBACCO SOILS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. SHAROM ◽  
L. V. EDGINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Field Plot ◽  
Column Studies ◽  
Dry Spells ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Soil thin layer chromatography studies showed that metalaxyl (methyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxyacetyl)alaninate) was similar to 2,4-D and more mobile than pyrazone > permethrin. Soil column studies indicated that approximately 0, 9, 73 and 83% of the applied fungicide leached through a 25-cm soil column after being subjected to 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm of simulated rainfall, respectively. A study on the effects of sequential periods of rain and dry spells on movement of metalaxyl showed that the fungicide was leached with each 5 cm simulated rainfall but moved upward during the dry cycle. There was no leachate from soil columns that received four increments of 5 cm of simulated rainfall alternated with a 48-h drying cycle. However, approximately 32% of the applied metalaxyl was leached through soil columns that received similar rainfall treatment alternated with a 24-h drying cycle. Field plot studies indicated that most of the soil-incorporated metalaxyl remained in the upper 0–30 cm, with approximately 10% being leached into the 30- to 45-cm zone. The half-life of metalaxyl in soil from field plots and six growers’ farms ranged from 3 to 5 wk. Metalaxyl acid, a possible metabolite, was not detected in any of the soil samples. Metalaxyl and its acid were not detected in either the water or sediment of Big Creek which drains the tobacco region.Key words: Metalaxyl, mobility, persistence, environmental contamination

Alachlor and Metribuzin Movement and Dissipation in a Soil Profile as Influenced by Soil Surface Condition

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Jones ◽  
Philip A. Banks ◽  
David E. Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
No Till ◽  
Rate Of Dissipation

The influence of wheat straw cover, tillage, and irrigation on metribuzin and alachlor movement and dissipation in an Appling coarse sandy loam (Typic Hapludult) and the influence of soil depth on their rate of dissipation were measured in field and laboratory experiments conducted in 1987 and 1988. Overall, metribuzin moved more than alachlor in both years. Alachlor movement was greater in tilled plots compared to no-till plots in 1988. Metribuzin movement was greater in no-till plots in 1987. Straw cover had little effect on the movement of alachlor, but the presence of 2800 kg ha−1of straw on the soil surface increased the downward movement of metribuzin in both years compared to soil with no straw cover. The rate of alachlor dissipation in the soil was faster in straw-covered and no-till plots in both years and in the high irrigation level in 1988. Metribuzin dissipation was not affected by any of these factors. Alachlor rate of dissipation did not differ among depths in the field; however, dissipation differed in the laboratory in the order 0 to 20 cm > 20 to 45 cm = 45 to 68 cm. Metribuzin dissipated faster at the 8-cm depth in the field compared to the 58-cm depth. In the laboratory, metribuzin dissipation rates followed the order 0 to 20 cm > 20 to 45 cm > 45 to 68 cm. At the greatest depth, the dissipation of metribuzin was faster in the field than in the laboratory.

Field Dissipation of Sulfentrazone and Pendimethalin in Colorado

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale L. Shaner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Rapid Phase ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Rate Of Dissipation ◽  
Low K

Pendimethalin and sulfentrazone are applied PRE in sunflower to control many grasses and broadleaf weeds. These herbicides have quite different physicochemical properties. Pendimethalin has a high carbon-referenced sediment partition coefficient (Koc)(17,200 L kg−1), with a low leaching potential, whereas sulfentrazone has a low Koc(43 L kg−1), with a high leaching potential. A 2-yr study was conducted to determine the dissipation of these two herbicides applied to a loamy sand soil. Pendimethalin dissipated in two phases, an initial rapid loss between application and 3 to 5 d after application (DAT) and then a slower rate of dissipation. The first, rapid phase was likely due to volatilization of the herbicide from the soil surface. Pendimethalin dissipated at a similar rate for the slower phase in 2008 and 2010 (time to 50% dissipation [DT50] was 43 d and 39 d, respectively). The dissipation of sulfentrazone, unlike pendimethalin, was not biphasic. The DT50for sulfentrazone was different between the 2 yr (30 d and 14 d in 2008 and 2010, respectively). Pendimethalin remained primarily in the top 7.5 cm of the soil column, whereas sulfentrazone leached to at least 30 cm. The leaching of sulfentrazone depended on the timing of irrigation or precipitation after application. The more rapid loss of sulfentrazone in the top 30 cm of the soil column in 2010 could have been partially due to the herbicide leaching below the 30 cm depth that was sampled.

Distribution of iron, manganese and phosphorus in the paddy soil profile

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Islam ◽  
A. A. Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Waterlogged Condition ◽  
Iron Manganese

Soils collected from paddy fields were kept in a waterlogged condition in glass cylinders with and without drainage. After about 2 months of waterlogging soil samples were collected from each cm. depths of the cylinders, both from the bright and dark sides of the cylinders. The soil samples were analysed for iron, manganese and phosphorus. At the beginning these elements were uniformly distributed throughout the entire soil depth, but as a result of waterlogging a distribution pattern developed. More of these elements concentrated on the surface and illuminated sides of the cylinders. It is assumed that such a phenomenon also occurs in the paddy field. These elements by concentrating on the soil surface limit the feeding zones to the top 3–5 cm. of the soil.

Irrigation Regime for Protection on Root Intrusion for Subsurface Drip Irrigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-647
Author(s):  
Shaolei Guo ◽  
Shunsheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Matrix Potential ◽  
Subsurface Drip

Root intrusion into emitters poses a threat to the service lives of subsurface drip irrigation systems. In an attempt to address this problem, an experiment was conducted on spring wheat grown in soil columns installed in a greenhouse to study the effects of irrigation regimes in protecting against root intrusion into emitters. Spring wheat was planted in soil columns. The specifications of the soil column were 15-cm width, 60-cm length and 100-cm depth. Drip tapes were buried manually in the center of the soil columns at a -40-cm depth. The soil matrix potential at a 20-cm depth immediately over the drip emitters was used to schedule the subsurface drip irrigation regime. Five different irrigation arrangements, with targeted soil matrix potentials of -10, -20, -30, -40 and -50 kPa, were maintained. The soil matrix potential influenced the spring wheat root distribution, emitter flow rate, root intrusion, and spring wheat yield and quality. The total root dry weight increased as the soil matrix potential decreased. Root length density at 35-45-cm increased as the soil matrix potential increased. The decrease in the emitter flow rate increased along with the soil matrix potential. All the treatments had root intrusion, but its severity was correlated with the soil matrix potential. Root intrusion first decreased as the soil matrix potential decreased but then increased as the soil matrix potential continued to decrease. The lowest root intrusion rate (22.22%), as well as the greatest relative yield and relative thousand-grain weight values, were achieved with a soil matrix potential of -40 kPa.

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