Effect of Physiological Status and Growth of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Greenleaf Manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula) on Herbicide Selectivity

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Paley ◽  
Steven R. Radosevich
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
High Water ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Arctostaphylos Patula ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Correlations between herbicide damage and several physiological factors were examined in the field for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosaDougl. ex P&C Lawson) and greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patulaGreene). Pine injury caused by 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine], or triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid]} was compared to leader growth rate, needle growth rate, predawn xylem potential, daytime xylem potential, and photo synthetic rate occurring on the dates of herbicide application. Shrub injury for each of the three herbicides was compared to predawn xylem potential, daytime xylem potential, and photo synthetic rates. Both species exhibited less injury from herbicide applications made at the end of September than from any applications made from April through October. Comparison of factors highly correlated to herbicide damage indicates that highest herbicide selectivity occurs when pine has ceased growing, the xylem potential of the pine is relatively low (high water stress), and the xylem potential of the manzanita is relatively high.

Effect of Bearmat (Chamaebatia foliolosa) on Soil Moisture and Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) Growth

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Tappeiner ◽  
Steven R. Radosevich
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

An experiment was established in 1961 to determine the influence of bearmat (Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth.) competition on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) survival and growth. Ponderosa pine seedlings were planted in bearmat which was: (A) untreated, (B) sprayed with a mixture of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and (C) eliminated by a combination of herbicide, clipping sprouts, and trenching to prevent root and rhizome invasion. Ponderosa pine survival after 19 yr averaged 9%, 66%, and 90%, respectively, for the three treatments. Tree height after 19 yr averaged 1.6, 1.9, and 5.7 m for treatments A, B, and C, respectively. Soil moisture use was initially less on the herbicide-treated than on the untreated plots, but bearmat quickly sprouted after application to compete with the pine seedlings for moisture. After 19 yr the bearmat was more dense and appeared to be more vigorous on the sprayed plots than on those receiving no treatment. We estimate that 75% reduction in net wood production could result after 50 yr on this site from bearmat competition.

scholarly journals Development of a Shrub-Fern-Ponderosa Pine Community Eleven Years After Site Preparation and Release

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. McDonald ◽  
Celeste S. Abbott ◽  
Gary O. Fiddler
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Species Succession ◽  
Arctostaphylos Patula ◽  
Near Future

Abstract Vegetation management can direct trends in early plant development and species succession and through various treatments achieve specific combinations of species desired by the ecosystem manager. Density and development of several plant species were studied in an area in northern California that was planted with 1-yr-oldponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa) seedlings in 1986 and treated with three herbicides (Velpar L, Garlon 4, Escort) in fall 1986 and spring 1987. Abundant species in the new plantation were bush chinquapin (Chrysolepis sempervirens) that regenerated from root crowns, greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula)from seed, and bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens )from rhizomes. After 11 growing seasons, chinquapin sprouts in the control averaged more than 15,900/ac, manzanita seedlings over 16,400/ac, and bracken fronds 11,400/ac. Mean ponderosa pine diameter (5.1 in.), height (12.9 ft), and crown diameter (7.6 ft) were significantly greater in the Velpar treatment than in the control. Additional information is presented on plant diversity, the onset of statistically significant differences among treatments for pine, and the makeup of the plant community in the near future. West. J. Appl. For. 14(4):194-199.

Herbicide Tolerance in Relation to Growth and Stress in Conifers

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra P. King ◽  
Steven R. Radosevich
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Jeffrey Pine ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Herbicide injury to five coniferous species was determined for the butoxyethanol ester of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], and the triethylamine salt of triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) oxy] acetic acid} throughout the growing season of 1981. The relationship of herbicide tolerance to growth rate, water stress, and photosynthesis was determined for Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyiiGrev. & Balif), sugar pine (P. lambertianaDougl.), red fir (Abies magnificaA. Murr.), white fir [A. concolor(Gord. & Glend) Lindl.], and Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco]. Although most of the species showed a high correlation of injury to leader or needle growth rate and xylem pressure potential, the seasonal trend in the degree of injury and the relationship of herbicide tolerance to various physiological factors were unique for each species. Criteria for determining herbicide application periods depended on species and herbicide.

Herbicide Effectiveness in Response to Season of Application and Shrub Physiology

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Thomas Lanini ◽  
Steven R. Radosevich
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Arctostaphylos Patula ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The selectivity of five foliage-applied herbicides, 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], dichlorprop [2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], fosamine [ethyl hydrogen (aminocarbonyl)phosphonate], and triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid}, applied at three phenological stages of development to five Sierran shrub species, deerbrush [Ceanothus integerrimusvar.californicus(Kell.) G. T. Benson.], greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patulaGreene), bearmat (Chamaebatia foliolosaBenth.), snowbrush ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinusDougl.), and whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscidaParry), was compared. Treatments in the summer and fall were less effective than spring applications. Periods of herbicide susceptibility generally corresponded to times when moisture stress was low and photosynthesis was high.

Lipid Deposition on Leaves of Canada Thistle Ecotypes

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Lipid Deposition ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Lipid Yield ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
A Site ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The amount of lipid present on leaves of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.) varied due to ecotype, site where grown, and date of sampling. Thistles from a site with the greatest wind movement and greatest evaporation produced the most lipid per unit area of leaf. The relative lipid yield of ecotypes was similar at different locations. Deposition of lipid on the leaves of Canada thistle increased from the early bud stage to the first bloom and late bloom stages of growth. The amount of lipid on the leaves and previous data on the response of these ecotypes to (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) were highly correlated. Three ecotypes with the most lipid were most resistant and four ecotypes with the least lipid were most susceptible to 2,4-D spray. Two ecotypes were inconsistent in that comparison.

Response of Young Ponderosa Pines, Shrubs, and Ferns to Three Release Treatments

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Philip M. McDonald ◽  
Celeste S. Abbott ◽  
Gary O. Fiddler
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Bracken Fern ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Arctostaphylos Patula ◽  
One Year

Abstract One-year-old Sierra chinkapin (Castanopsis sempervirens) sprouts, greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula var. platyphylla) seedlings, and new fronds of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens), present in a 1-yr-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa) plantation in northern California, were treated once with one of three herbicides (Velpar L, Escort, and Garlon 4) in fall 1986 and spring 1987 and their density and development compared among treatments and to a control. After 6 growing seasons, chinkapin sprouts in the control averaged more than 16,000 per acre, manzanita seedlings over 19,000, and bracken ferns more than 13,000 per acre. After 6 growing seasons, mean ponderosa pine diameter ranged from 2.03 in. in the Velpar treatment to 1.28 in. in the control. Cover of combined shrubs, also after six seasons, was about 3% with Velpar, 7% with Garlon, 20% with Escort, and 51% in the control. Bracken fern cover was greatest (13%) where foliage-active Garlon reduced competing shrubs, and least in the soil-active Velpar treatment (2%) and the control (3%), where heavy competition from shrubs precluded establishment. West. J. Appl. For. 9(1):24-28.

Role of selection versus historical isolation in racial differentiation of ponderosa pine in southern Oregon: an investigation of alternative hypotheses

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1127-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank C Sorensen ◽  
Nancy L Mandel ◽  
Jan E Aagaard
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Highly Correlated

Continuous populations identified as Pacific and North Plateau races of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. Laws. ex C. Laws.) are parapatric along the crest of the Cascade Range in southern Oregon. A 3-year common-garden study of bud phenology and seedling vigor was performed to estimate the nature and magnitude of differentiation between races, to characterize the transition zone between them, and to relate responses between and within races to topography and climate. Principal component (PC) analyses identified two significant character complexes, PC-1 (phenological traits) and PC-2 (size traits), that explained 73% of the geographic race-related variation. The races were differentiated in two regards. First, PC-1 scores, which were highly correlated with frost-free season and summer-winter temperature differential, displayed a sharp discontinuity in the transition zone. Second, PC-2 scores were significantly correlated with physiographic and climatic variables in the North Plateau but not in the Pacific race, even though these variables had greater ranges in the latter. The data supported a narrow, adaptive transition between races for a complex of traits probably related to cold hardiness, and provided evidence that plant vigor traits were more closely adapted to environments in the North Plateau than in the Pacific region, possibly as a consequence of past climatic-stress selection in the former and competitive-stress selection in the latter.

Plant Regeneration from Excised Cotyledons of Mature Strawberry Achenes

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Raymond Miller ◽  
Craig K. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Multiple Shoot ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Cotyledon Explants ◽  
Multiple Shoot Buds ◽  
Rapid Regeneration ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

A protocol was developed for excising and culturing cotyledon explants from mature achenes of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Cotyledon explants formed callus with multiple shoot buds on agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog media containing several combinations of hormones (1 μm 2,4-D; 10 μm 2,4-D; 1 μm BA + 1 μm 2,4-D; 1 μm BA + 10 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA; 5 μm BA + 1 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA + 10 μ m 2,4-D; 5 μ m BA + 5 μm NAA; 5 μ m BA + 15 μ m NAA). After three subcultures, only tissues maintained on the medium containing 5 μm BA + 5 μm NAA continued to form shoots. Tissues transferred to other media eventually died (1 μm 2,4-D; 1 μ m BA + 10 μ m 2,4-D; 5 μ m BA; 5 μ m BA + 1 μ m 2,4-D), became unorganized (1 μm BA + 1 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA + 10 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA + 15 μm NAA), or formed roots (10 μm 2,4-D). Whole plantlets were produced by transferring callus with buds to medium lacking hormones. The rapid regeneration of clonal plantlets from cotyledon explants may be useful for reducing variability in future developmental studies. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D); and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).

Cotton Resistance to 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid Spray Drift 1

Crop Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecil Regier ◽  
R. E. Dilbeck ◽  
D. J. Undersander ◽  
J. E. Quisenberry
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid
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