Comparative Detoxification of Chlorsulfuron in Leaf Disks and Cell Cultures of Two Perennial Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A. Swisher ◽  
Monte R. Weimer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Radioactive Product ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Authentic Standard ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Metabolic Transformation ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Leaf Disks

Phytotoxicity of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} in cell cultures of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] was approximately 30-fold greater than in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. # EPHES) cultures. Differences in chlorsulfuron phytotoxicity in these two species were attributed to large differences in cellular metabolism of the herbicide. Leafy spurge cells metabolized all of the applied14C-chlorsulfuron within 72 h of treatment, while Canada thistle metabolized less than 2%. Acid hydrolysis of the metabolic products isolated from leaf disks and cell cultures of leafy spurge yielded a radioactive product that cochromatographed with a 2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide standard. Therefore, metabolic transformation occurred on the heterocyclic portion of the molecule. A major metabolite was further characterized as 2-chloro-N-[[4-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]aminocarbonyl]-benzenesulfonamide by cochromatography with the authentic standard.

Freezing Resistance of Overwintering Buds of Four Perennial Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda K. Schimming ◽  
Calvin G. Messersmith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Relative Susceptibility ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Total Dry Weight

The freezing resistance of overwintering buds of four perennial weed species was evaluated in artificial freezing experiments conducted in the winters of 1986 and 1987. Survival, dry weight of surviving shoots, and number of shoots produced/surviving section were determined at −4, −8, −12, −16, and −20 C for Canada thistle roots, leafy spurge roots, leafy spurge crowns, perennial sowthistle roots, and quackgrass rhizomes. The temperature required to reduce survival (LT50) and total dry weight (GR50) by 50% was determined. The response to freezing temperatures varied among species and in some cases between years. The LT50was −7, −13, colder than −20, −17, and colder than −20, and the GR50was −5, −11, −14, −15, and −13 for Canada thistle roots, leafy spurge roots, leafy spurge crowns, perennial sowthistle roots, and quackgrass rhizomes, respectively. The relative susceptibility to freezing among species appears to be directly related to the depth at which the overwintering buds generally are located.

Elaiosomes on Weed Seeds and the Potential for Myrmecochory in Naturalized Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 615-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Pemberton ◽  
Delilah W. Irving
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Spotted Knapweed ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Naturalized Plants ◽  
Bull Thistle ◽  
Diffuse Knapweed

Seeds of plants naturalized in the United States were examined for the presence of elaiosomes. Seeds of 47 species belonging to 13 families (Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Dipsacaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Fumariaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Resedaceae, Rosaceae, and Solanaceae) were found to have elaiosomes, indicating that these species are probably mymecochorous, i.e., dispersed by ants. These include important rangeland weeds such as bull thistle, Canada thistle, musk thistle, diffuse knapweed, spotted knapweed, and leafy spurge. Myrmecochory in naturalized species may enhance their weediness in areas where they are established and assist their colonization of new and relatively closed communities.

Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Cell Cultures for Screening Deleterious Rhizobacteria

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thouraya Souissi ◽  
Robert J. Kremer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Deleterious Rhizobacteria ◽  
Callus Tissues

Bioassays using cell cultures and callus tissues of leafy spurge were devised to evaluate the potential of rhizobacteria as biocontrol agents. Rhizobacteria isolated from roots of leafy spurge seedlings were screened in suspension-cultured leafy spurge cells. Cell viability was assessed using the Evan's blue bioassay 48 h after bacterial inoculation. Among the 30 isolates tested, LS102 and LS105 consistently caused intensive cell death determined by measuring the A630of the inoculated cell cultures. Cell death was 2.5 to 3 times higher in cultures inoculated with LS105 and LS102, respectively, than in the control. Population levels of the two isolates within cell cultures and callus tissues of leafy spurge increased during the first 48 h. Leafy spurge callus tissues were inoculated with rhizobacteria either directly or by using the Host Pathogen Interaction System (HPIS). The latter exposes calli to bacteria without any physical contact. LS102 caused cellular leakage and eventually death of the callus tissue. Callus growth was reduced by about 30 to 70% when exposed to LS102 and LS105, respectively. Results suggest that these two isolates may affect leafy spurge at the cellular level by different mechanisms. A screening method based on cell cultures and callus tissues offers a good and rapid technique for detecting deleterious rhizobacteria with potential as biocontrol agents for leafy spurge.

Biological treatability of a corn wet mill effluent

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Eremektar ◽  
O. Karahan-Gul ◽  
F. Germirli-Babuna ◽  
S. Ovez ◽  
H. Uner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Rate Coefficient ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
High Level ◽  
Biological Treatability ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Corn wet mill effluents are studied in terms of their characteristics relevant for biological treatment. They have a high COD of mainly soluble and biodegradable nature, with practically no soluble inert components. They generate a relatively high level of soluble residual metabolic products, which affects the choice of the appropriate biological treatment and favors aerobic activated sludge process. Experimental assessment of process kinetics yields typical values. Hydrolysis of the slowly biodegradable COD, the rate limiting step for the utilization of substrate, is characterized by an overall rate coefficient, which is within the range commonly associated for the hydrolysis of starch.

Merits of a weed-sensing sprayer to control weeds in conservation fallow and cropping systems

Weed Science ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Blackshaw ◽  
Louis J. Molnar ◽  
C. Wayne Lindwall
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Crop Harvest ◽  
Herbicide Use

Field studies were conducted from 1993 through 1995 to determine potential reductions in herbicide use and associated cost savings by utilizing a weed-sensing sprayer, named Detectspray, to control weeds throughout the fallow season and to control perennial weeds after crop harvest. The Detectspray system gave comparable weed control to conventional broadcast spraying on 80% of the application dates and reduced glyphosate/dicamba use over the fallow season by 19 to 60%. This reduced herbicide use resulted in cost savings of $6 to $32 ha−1. A fallow treatment that combined two herbicide applications with the Detectsprayer plus one to two wide-blade tillage operations was less costly than conventional tillage at two of 11 sites and at all sites retained more surface crop residues to reduce the risk of erosion. Postharvest glyphosate use on quackgrass with the Detectsprayer was reduced 50 to 78% compared to broadcast applications and resulted in cost savings of $16 to $25 ha−1. Clopyralid use on Canada thistle with the Detectsprayer was reduced 71 to 80%, with cost savings of $44 to $50 ha−1. The Detectspray system is a useful tool to effectively manage weeds in conservation fallow and reduced tillage cropping systems.

scholarly journals The formation of glycoproteins in tissues of higher plants. Specific labelling with d-[l-14C]glucosamine

1971 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 999-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Roberts ◽  
A. B. Connor ◽  
J. J. Cetorelli
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Broad Bean ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Radioactive Product ◽  
Insoluble Compounds ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Specific Labelling

1. Radioactivity from d-[l-14C]glucosamine is incorporated into ethanol-insoluble compounds of high molecular weight in a number of plant tissues, including roots of corn (Zea mays), callus cells of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), axenic cultures of duckweed (Lemna minor) and germinating seedlings of corn, broad bean (Vicia faba) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). 2. Except in the case of Lemna, where some of the radioactivity was recovered in glucose, hydrolysis of these ethanol-insoluble materials with acid released [14C]glucosamine as the major radioactive product. 3. The labelled compounds isolated from Zea roots and the Acer cells are believed to be glycoproteins rather than polysaccharides on the basis of their solubility properties, their charge characteristics and their susceptibility to hydrolysis by 0.5m-potassium hydroxide and by the proteases trypsin and Pronase. Further, radioactive peptides were isolated and purified after Pronase treatment and shown to contain glucosamine as well as a number of amino acids. 4. The experiments therefore indicate that d-[14C]glucosamine can be used as a specific precursor of the amino sugar units of plant as well as animal glycoproteins.

Changes in biomass and root:shoot ratio of field-grown Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), a noxious, invasive weed, with elevated CO2: implications for control with glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis H. Ziska ◽  
Shaun Faulkner ◽  
John Lydon
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Significant Difference

Canada thistle was grown under field conditions in 2000 and 2003 at ambient and elevated (∼ 350 μmol mol−1above ambient) carbon dioxide [CO2] to assess how rising [CO2] alters growth, biomass allocation, and efficacy of the postemergent herbicide glyphosate. By the time of glyphosate application, approximately 2 mo after emergence, elevated CO2had resulted in significant increases in both root and shoot biomass. However, the relative positive effect of [CO2] was much larger for root, relative to shoot growth, during this period (2.5- to 3.3-fold vs. 1.2- to 1.4-fold, respectively) with a subsequent increase in root to shoot ratio. Glyphosate was applied at 2.24 kg ae ha−1in 2000 and 2003. Subjective classification of leaf damage in shoots after spraying indicated no significant difference in the extent of necrosis in aboveground tissue as a function of CO2concentration. After a 6-wk regrowth period, significant reductions in shoot and root biomass relative to unsprayed plots were observed under ambient [CO2]. However, the decrease in the ratio of sprayed to unsprayed biomass was significantly less at elevated relative to ambient [CO2] conditions for roots in both years, and no difference in shoot biomass was observed between sprayed and unsprayed plots for Canada thistle grown at elevated [CO2] in either year. The observed reduction in glyphosate efficacy at the enriched [CO2] treatment did not appear to be associated with differential herbicide uptake, suggesting that tolerance was simply a dilution effect, related to the large stimulation of root relative to shoot biomass at elevated [CO2]. Overall, the study indicates that carbon dioxide–induced increases in root biomass could make Canada thistle and other perennial weeds that reproduce asexually from belowground organs harder to control in a higher [CO2] world.

Identifying Acetolactate Synthase Inhibitors for Potential Control of Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) and Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) in Corn (Zea mays)

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy L. Sprague ◽  
Amy L. Frasier ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicides ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Imidazolinone Herbicides ◽  
Corn Hybrid

Control of two perennial weeds, quackgrass and Canada thistle, and the differential sensitivities of three imidazolinone-resistant (IMI) corn hybrids and their sensitive isolines to various acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides were evaluated in greenhouse studies. The postemergence sulfonylurea herbicides nicosulfuron and primisulfuron controlled quackgrass > 80%. The imidazolinone herbicides imazapyr and imazamox applied postemergence controlled quackgrass 70 and 74%, respectively. Canada thistle control was 89% with the sulfonylurea herbicide metsulfuron. Primisulfuron, chlorsulfuron, and tribenuron controlled Canada thistle > 70%. The imidazolinonesensitive corn hybrids did not tolerate the imidazolinone herbicides imazethapyr, imazaquin, imazapyr, AC 263,222, and imazamox; the sulfonylurea herbicides chlorimuron, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, tribenuron, and triflusulfuron; and the pyrimidinylthiobenzoate herbicide pyrithiobac applied postemergence. The ‘Ciba 4393 IMR’ corn hybrid, homozygous for an unknown allele, was resistant to all of the various ALS-inhibiting herbicides that injured its sensitive isoline. The magnitude of resistance for this hybrid was greater than the other IR corn hybrids. The ‘Pioneer 3751 IR’ corn hybrid, homozygous for theXA-17ALS allele, was also resistant to a number of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The ‘ICI 8692 IT’ corn hybrid, heterozygous for theMut2allele, was only resistant to the imidazolinone herbicides.

scholarly journals Degradation of extracellular nucleotides and their analogs in HeLa and HUVEC cell cultures.

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 973-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach ◽  
Maria Maszewska ◽  
Małgorzata Zakłos ◽  
Maria Koziołkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Extracellular Nucleotides ◽  
Nucleotide Receptors ◽  
Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase ◽  
Huvec Cell ◽  
Endothelial Cell Cultures ◽  
Fetal Bovine ◽  
Huvec Cells ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The use of nucleotides and their analogs in the pharmacological studies of nucleotide receptors (P2 class) should be preceded by detailed studies on their degradation connected with ecto-enzymes of a given cell type. In the present studies we have analyzed stability of some phosphorothioate and phosphonate analogs of ATP and ADP in the HeLa epitheloid carcinoma and endothelial HUVEC cells cultures. Our studies have revealed that ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase (E-NPP) is one of the main enzymes involved in the extracellular degradation of ATP and other nucleotides in the HeLa cells. On the other hand, the ecto-ATPDase is responsible for the hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides in human endothelial cell cultures, while the E-NPP-like enzymes of the HUVEC cells are not essential to this degradation. The concerted action of the aforementioned ecto-enzymes and nucleotide pyrophosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase present in fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplied to the culture medium, results in partial or complete degradation of the phosphorothioate (ATPgammaS) and phosphonate analogs of adenosine nucleotides (alpha,beta-methylene-ATP and beta,gamma-methylene-ATP) in the cell cultures. Only ADPbetaS appears to be resistant to these enzymes. The influence of some nucleotides and their analogs on the proliferation of the HeLa cells in presence or absence of FBS is also discussed.

Absorption, Action, and Translocation of Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Sprankle ◽  
William F. Meggitt ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Nitrilotriacetic Acid ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Radioactive glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is rapidly absorbed with a large portion of the 14C translocated to the rhizomes and untreated shoots of quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.]. The adjuvant used with glyphosate was important in determining its phytotoxicity to quackgrass. In other perennial weeds and annual species, glyphosate also moved to the areas of highest metabolic activity. In Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.], bentazon (3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4) 3H-one 2,2-dioxide) at 2.24 kg/ha applied prior to treatment with 14C-glyphosate reduced 14C translocation. Iron or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) did not appear to effect glyphosate activity on wheat (Triticium aestivum L. ‘Avon’). The respiration of quackgrass treated with glyphosate was significantly reduced 9 days after treatment. Glyphosate reduced total photosynthesis more in quackgrass than in wheat.

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