Freezing Resistance of Overwintering Buds of Four Perennial Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda K. Schimming ◽  
Calvin G. Messersmith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Relative Susceptibility ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Total Dry Weight

The freezing resistance of overwintering buds of four perennial weed species was evaluated in artificial freezing experiments conducted in the winters of 1986 and 1987. Survival, dry weight of surviving shoots, and number of shoots produced/surviving section were determined at −4, −8, −12, −16, and −20 C for Canada thistle roots, leafy spurge roots, leafy spurge crowns, perennial sowthistle roots, and quackgrass rhizomes. The temperature required to reduce survival (LT50) and total dry weight (GR50) by 50% was determined. The response to freezing temperatures varied among species and in some cases between years. The LT50was −7, −13, colder than −20, −17, and colder than −20, and the GR50was −5, −11, −14, −15, and −13 for Canada thistle roots, leafy spurge roots, leafy spurge crowns, perennial sowthistle roots, and quackgrass rhizomes, respectively. The relative susceptibility to freezing among species appears to be directly related to the depth at which the overwintering buds generally are located.

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of glufosinate in five weed species as influenced by ammonium sulfate and pelargonic acid

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy A. Pline ◽  
Jingrui Wu ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Pelargonic Acid ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Asclepias Syriaca ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Tlc Analysis

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of14C-glufosinate were studied in three annual and two perennial weed species. Young seedlings ofSetaria faberi, Chenopodium album, Cassia obtusifolia, Solanum carolinense, andAsclepias syriacawere treated with foliar-applied14C-glufosinate, and plant tissues were harvested 12, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT). Absorption of14C-glufosinate was initially rapid, but increased only slightly after 12 h in all species. Glufosinate absorption was highest inS. carolinense(73% of applied radioactivity), followed byS. faberi(54%),C. obtusifolia(44%),C. album(41%), andA. syriaca(37%) 72 HAT. Translocation of radioactivity out of the treated leaf was species dependent and did not increase much with time in all weed species.S. carolinenseandS. faberitranslocated the highest amounts of absorbed radioactivity out of the treated leaf with 49 to 59% moving to the upper foliage.S. faberitranslocated the highest amount of absorbed radioactivity to the roots (12 to 14%), whileC. albumtranslocated the least (2 to 3%). TLC analysis of plant extracts showed that14C-glufosinate was not metabolized inS. faberi, C. obtusifolia, S. carolinense, andA. syriaca. A glufosinate metabolite with an Rf value matching that of methyl-phosphinico propionate was detected inC. album. Treatment with ammonium sulfate (AMS) increased glufosinate absorption inS. faberiandC. obtusifolia12 HAT, but decreased absorption inC. album. Treatment with pelargonic acid (PA) did not affect glufosinate absorption in any of the species tested. Treatment with AMS and PA did not affect glufosinate translocation in any of the five weed species. Treatment with AMS and PA did not influence the metabolism of glufosinate in any of the five weed species studied. These results show that differential absorption and translocation seem to explain the greater sensitivity of the annual and perennial weeds to glufosinate. Treatment with ammonium sulfate may increase the efficacy of glufosinate in perennial weeds.

Comparative Detoxification of Chlorsulfuron in Leaf Disks and Cell Cultures of Two Perennial Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A. Swisher ◽  
Monte R. Weimer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Radioactive Product ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Authentic Standard ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Metabolic Transformation ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Leaf Disks

Phytotoxicity of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} in cell cultures of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] was approximately 30-fold greater than in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. # EPHES) cultures. Differences in chlorsulfuron phytotoxicity in these two species were attributed to large differences in cellular metabolism of the herbicide. Leafy spurge cells metabolized all of the applied14C-chlorsulfuron within 72 h of treatment, while Canada thistle metabolized less than 2%. Acid hydrolysis of the metabolic products isolated from leaf disks and cell cultures of leafy spurge yielded a radioactive product that cochromatographed with a 2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide standard. Therefore, metabolic transformation occurred on the heterocyclic portion of the molecule. A major metabolite was further characterized as 2-chloro-N-[[4-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]aminocarbonyl]-benzenesulfonamide by cochromatography with the authentic standard.

Temperature Effects on Growth and Leaf Production in Three Weed Species

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth P. Flint ◽  
David T. Patterson ◽  
David A. Mortensen ◽  
George H. Riechers ◽  
Jan L. Beyers
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Sesbania Exaltata ◽  
Axillary Branch ◽  
Hemp Sesbania ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. ♯6CASOB), hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory ♯ SEBEX], and showy crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilisRoth. ♯ CVTSP) were grown in controlled-environment greenhouses with day/night temperatures of 23/17, 26/20, 29/23, and 32/26 C. Plant height, leaf area, and total dry weight at 53 days after planting increased significantly with temperatures between 23/17 and 29/23 C in sicklepod and showy crotalaria, and between 23/17 and 32/26 C in hemp sesbania. In all species, leaves were produced more rapidly as temperature increased. Axillary branch leaf production was greatest at 29/23 C in sicklepod, and at 29/23 and 26/20 C in showy crotalaria; hemp sesbania showed little axillary branch development. Total dry-matter production in all species was closely correlated with leaf area duration, but not with net assimilation rate. Differences in total main stem leaf area in all species were primarily due to differences in leaf number rather than to differences in leaf size at maturity.

Perennial Weed Populations After 14 Years of Variable Tillage and Cropping Practices

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Buhler ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg ◽  
Roger L. Becker ◽  
Jeffery L. Gunsolus
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Management of perennial weeds is a major concern in reduced-tillage cropping systems. Field research was conducted at Nashua, IA, from 1977 through 1990 to evaluate the long-term impacts of tillage and cropping patterns on perennial weed populations in corn and soybean production. Continuous corn and a corn/soybean rotation were conducted utilizing moldboard plow, chisel plow, ridge tillage, and no-tillage systems. The research area was free of established perennial weed species at the initiation of the experiment in 1977. Hemp dogbane was observed by 1980, with the greatest densities in no-tillage. By 1990, continuous corn had greater hemp dogbane densities with no-tillage than other tillage system by crop rotation treatments. American germander densities were not affected by tillage systems in 1980 and 1981, but by 1990, corn/soybean rotations had greater densities in moldboard plow than other tillage systems. Field bindweed developed primarily in the corn/soybean rotations with the greatest densities occurring in no-tillage. Greater and more diverse populations of perennial weeds developed in reduced-tillage systems than in the moldboard plow system. However, practices used to control annual weeds and environmental factors interacted with tillage to regulate perennial weed populations.

scholarly journals Effect of tillage systems on the level of contamination of nonarable land of Zhytomyr Polissya

2016 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
V.I. Borisenko
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Soil Cultivation ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Economic Use

The results of studies of the effects of different systems of the basic soil cultivation on weediness of land that is withdrawn from agricultural use in Zhytomyr Polissya are presented in the article. The effect of different tillage systems on the main species composition of annual and perennial weeds and quantitative composition of organs of vegetative propagation of perennial weeds is described. It was established that on land that is withdrawn from economic use in Zhytomyr Polissya, the application of different systems of the basic soil cultivation reduces weediness of lands to 53.7%. The smallest development of annual and perennial weed species occurs mainly during combination tillage.

scholarly journals Fall Cultivation and Fertilization to Reduce Winterhardiness of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney G. Lym ◽  
Calvin G. Messersmith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Root Depth ◽  
N Application ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Reduced-tillage practices have allowed leafy spurge to infest cropland. The reduction in leafy spurge infestation and winterhardiness by fall tillage, N application, or herbicide treatment was evaluated. Cultivating leafy spurge twice each fall for 3 yr provided complete control. Cultivation followed by N application at 225 kg ha−1reduced the stand by 85% after 3 yr, whereas N applied alone had little effect. Picloram plus 2,4-D at 0.6 plus 1 kg ha−1reduced the infestation to 65% of the untreated control after 2 yr but then the infestation declined rapidly to 1% after a third application. Leafy spurge cold tolerance decreased as root depth increased. The GR50and LT50, the temperatures required to reduce total dry weight and survival, respectively, by 50% varied by root depth and treatment. For example, the LT50and GR50for untreated leafy spurge averaged −19 and < −20 C for crowns, respectively, compared to the −16 and −18 C for roots from 0 to 15 cm deep and −13 and −12.5 C for roots from 15 to 30 cm deep. The GR50and LT50temperature after 2 yr of treatment was reduced to 0 C by two cultivations in fall or picloram plus 2,4-D. Carbohydrate content was not a good indicator of winterhardiness. Cultivation reduced the leafy spurge root system faster than herbicide treatment especially at the 15- to 30-cm depth.

scholarly journals 851 PB 396 THE EFFECT OF EUCALYPTUS MULCHES ON GERMINATION OF ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL WEED SPECIES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 555c-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. James Downer ◽  
Ben Faber
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Echinochloa Crusgalli ◽  
Perennial Weed

Eucalyptus mulch is considered by many horticulturists to be toxic to cultivated plants and weeds. The purpose of this study was to determine the weed suppressive effect of mulch made from various Eucalyptus species. Propagation flats were seeded with 100 seeds each of nine weed species and covered with peat-perlite media, or composted or fresh Eucalyptus globulus, E. citriodora, E. rudus, E. polyanthemos, E. sideroxylon, E. maculata or E. ficifolia. Fresh mulch suppressed germination of all species. Compost mulched weeds seeds germinated more and produced more dry weight than fresh mulch treatments. Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli) died in all flats treated with fresh E. sideroxylon.

Antagonism with Glyphosate and Residual Herbicide Combinations

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Selleck ◽  
D. D. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
No Till ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Common Dandelion ◽  
Residual Herbicide

Field studies of herbicidal antagonism were conducted in corn (Zea maysL.), soybeans (Glycine maxL. Merr.), and on industrial sites. The addition of chlorbromuron [3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea], cyanazine {2-[[4-(chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile}, bifenox [methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate], or atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] wettable powder plus dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) to glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]-alachlor[2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] combinations reduced the activity of glyphosate on quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.], common dandelion (Taraxacum officinaleWeber), and Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.] in no-till corn. Reduced weed control from antagonism resulted in decreased corn yields. Linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea], chlorbromuron, or metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one], when added to glyphosate, reduced the control of quackgrass but not that of Canada thistle, alfalfa, or common dandelion in soybeans. Antagonsim was not evident in annual weed species. In perennial weeds, the degree of antagonism was often reduced with increased dosages of glyphosate. The inclusion of terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil), bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil), and simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] with glyphosate in mixes interfered with the control of smooth brome (Bromus inermisLeyss.), but not when applications of the residual herbicides were delayed. Quackgrass control was reduced when amitrole (3-amino-s-triazole) was mixed with glyphosate, or when applied separately.

Comparison of Aminocyclopyrachlor Absorption and Translocation in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) and Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)

Weed Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney G. Lym
Keyword(s):  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Yellow Toadflax ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Rapid Regrowth

Aminocyclopyrachlor has provided excellent control of many perennial weed species including leafy spurge, but control of yellow toadflax has been inconsistent.14C-aminocyclopyrachlor absorption was rapid in both leafy spurge and yellow toadflax and averaged 72% 48 h after treatment (HAT). However, translocation within the plant differed by species. More14C translocated to the aboveground portion of yellow toadflax (28% of applied) compared to leafy spurge (16.5% of applied). There was rapid translocation of14C-label to the roots of both species but more reached the belowground portion of leafy spurge than yellow toadflax. Over 12% of applied14C translocated into leafy spurge roots within 24 HAT but declined to 2% by 192 HAT. In comparison, only 2% of applied14C was found in yellow toadflax roots 24 HAT, and just 0.15% remained in belowground plant parts by 192 HAT. The inconsistent long-term control of yellow toadflax with aminocyclopyrachlor is likely due to poor translocation to the root system, which would allow for rapid regrowth in this hard to control perennial species.

Control of Perennial Weed Species As Seedlings With Soil-Applied Herbicides

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Vangessel
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Loam Soil

Herbicides from several chemical families were evaluated in the greenhouse for preemergence control of perennial weed species emerging from seeds. Weed species were bermudagrass, johnsongrass, Canada thistle, common milkweed, common pokeweed, hemp dogbane, and horsenettle. Atrazine, cloransulam, chlorimuron, clomazone, flumetsulam, imazaquin, linuron, metolachlor, metribuzin, pendimethalin, and sulfentrazone were used representing common preemergence herbicide families used in the mid-Atlantic region for corn and soybean in a sandy loam soil. Hemp dogbane and common pokeweed were controlled (greater than 85%) by eight of the 11 herbicides in this study, indicating they may be the two most susceptible species in the trial. Metolachlor and pendimethalin provided control of only bermudagrass, and linuron controlled only Canada thistle. Cloransulam controlled all species except bermudagrass. Clomazone provided greater than 80% control of all species except horsenettle. Metribuzin alone or in combination with chlorimuron provided the broadest spectrum and highest level of control. Metribuzin provided greater than 85% control of all species except johnsongrass. Soil-applied herbicides can limit the establishment of perennial species from seeds.

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