Interference of Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) with Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 780-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil M. Hackett ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
David L. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Solanum Carolinense ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Spanish Peanut

Duration and density experiments were conducted in the field to measure horsenettle (Solanum carolinenseL. # SOLCA) interference with Spanish and runner-type peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL. ‘Pronto’ and ‘Florunner′). Spanish peanut yield generally was higher with 6 to 8 weeks of weed-free maintenance. Horsenettle interference for 6 to 8 weeks did not decrease the yield of Spanish peanuts, and interference for 6 weeks did not decrease yields of runner peanuts. Weed-free maintenance for 2 or more weeks allowed increased runner peanut yield when compared to weedy plots. Linear regression predicted a 69 kg/ha Spanish peanut yield increase for each week of weed-free maintenance. Linear regression predicted a Spanish peanut yield reduction of 40 kg/ha for each week of weed interference in 1983, the only year in which the slopes of the regressions were statistically significant Curvilinear equations with the runner-type cultivar predicted an 81 kg/ha yield increase or 96 kg/ha decrease for each week of weed-free maintenance or weed interference, respectively. In 1 of 2 yr, Spanish peanut yield was reduced by horsenettle at a density of 32 plants/10 m of row.

scholarly journals Interference of Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) on Spanish Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)1

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. Hackett ◽  
D. S. Murray ◽  
D. L. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium

Abstract Interference of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) with Pronto spanish peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) was evaluated from 1981 through 1983 in a natural occurring weed population. Treatments consisted of weed-free maintenance or weed interference for 0, 4, 8, 12 weeks and for the full season. Silverleaf nightshade stems were counted as a measure of weed regrowth in treatments maintained weed free for 0, 4, and 8 weeks. Contamination of the harvested in-shell peanuts by silverleaf nightshade berries was determined by counting the number of berries passing through the peanut combine. In-shell peanut yields were reduced by an average of 17% when silverleaf nightshade was allowed to interfere with the crop for 4 weeks. Further yield reductions of 53, 66, and 66% were observed in treatments where interference occurred for 8 and 12 weeks and for the full-season, respectively. Regression analysis conducted on yield data of individual years predicts that each week of weed-free maintenance after crop emergence results in an average of 33 to 38 kg/ha yield increase above the unweeded control. Conversely, analyses of yield data averaged over all years indicated that for each week of weed interference there would be approximately a 103 kg/ha decrease in in-shell yield compared to the weed-free control. When yield data were converted to percent of yield of weed-free controls, there was no interaction among years. Regression analysis of the converted data predicts that for each week of weed-free maintenance after crop emergence there would be a 3.7% yield increase compared to the unweeded control and that for each week of weed interference there would be a corresponding yield loss of 4.5%. Silverleaf nightshade stem counts per plot were reduced an average of 18 and 36 percent for treatments maintained weed free for 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. In 1982 analysis of fruit contamination indicated a significant difference between full-season interference and weed-free maintenance for 4 or more weeks. Differences in fruit contamination between 4, 8, and 12 weeks of weed-free maintenance were not significant. In the second year no differences in fruit contamination were observed between the weedy check and the other treatments; however, fruit production after 4 weeks of weed-free maintenance was significantly higher than after 8 and 12 weeks of weed-free maintenance. Peanut quality, disregarding contamination by silverleaf nightshade berries, was not affected by weed interference.

Interactive Effects of Fungicide, Application Timing, and Spray Volume on Peanut Diseases and Yield

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Joao Augusto ◽  
Timothy B. Brenneman
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Spray Volume

Fungicide penetration of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) canopy to target soilborne pathogens is difficult due to the dense foliage present when mid- to late-season applications are made. To assess the effect of application timing and volume on leaf spot and stem rot control as well as peanut yield, pyraclostrobin (0.21 kg a.i./ha) or chlorothalonil (1.26 kg a.i./ha), a systemic and a contact fungicide, respectively, were applied four times on cv. Georgia Green during the day (on unfolded leaves) or at night (on folded leaves) at 187, 243, or 355 liters/ha. Night application of pyraclostrobin, across spray volumes, gave the best stem rot control and pod yield increase. Pyraclostrobin applied during the day at higher spray volumes also slightly increased control of stem rot, apparently by improving canopy penetration. Neither application timing nor spray volume affected leaf spot control with pyraclostrobin. Higher spray volumes for the chlorothalonil applications tended to improve control of early and late leaf spot, possibly by increasing coverage of foliage and stems. Accepted for publication 10 January 2012. Published 20 April 2012.

Timing of Aldicarb Applications to Control Meloidogyne arenaria in Peanut1

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Rich ◽  
D. W. Gorbet
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Meloidogyne Arenaria ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Chemical Treatments

Abstract Four fieldtrialswere conductedin northwest Florida to determine the efficacyofaldicarb appliedat varyingtime intervals after planting on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) to manage the peanut root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria. Initial treatments with aldicarb (Temik 15G), fenamiphos (Nemacur 15G), and phorate (Thimet 15G) were made at planting of peanut cv. Southern Runner. The chemicals were applied as 20-cm-wide bands over the open seed furrow using a tractor-mounted Gandy applicator. Post-plant treatments were made with a Gandy applicator at time intervals from 28 to 104 dafter planting as 36-cm-wide bands over the row centers. Post-harvest M. arenaria population densities were affected little by any chemical treatment compared to the control. The efficacy of the chemical treatments was variable and averaged onlya 295-kglha yield increase for the single at-plant applications of aldicarb compared to the control. Allat-plant + post-plant aldicarb treatments increased yield over the control by an average of712 kg¡ ha. Results from these trials did not establish a single optimal time for post-plant application of aldicarb on peanut. Data from these tests, however, indicated that a post-plant aldicarb treatment can be applied latter than previously recommended in Florida.

Using Estimates of Weed Pressure to Establish Crop Yield Loss Equations

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gordon Harvey ◽  
Clark R. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Total Crop

Herbicide efficacy trials in field corn, sweet corn, and soybean were conducted at three locations in Wisconsin over a 6-yr period. Percent weed pressure (WP) was determined by visually estimating the contribution of all weed species present to the total crop and weed volume in each plot. Crop yields in each plot were measured. Percent crop yield reduction (YLDRED) was calculated by comparing mean yields of individual treatments with those of the highest yielding treatment in each trial. Linear regression analyses of YLDRED and WP data from 1640 field corn and 138 sweet corn treatments were significant. Nonlinear regression analysis of YLDRED and WP data from all 1374 soybean treatments was significant; however, a linear regression of those 1154 soybean treatments with WP ratings of 30 or less produced a more easily interpreted regression equation.

Time of Removal of Crownbeard (Verbesina encelioides) on Peanut Yield

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney L. Farris ◽  
Cody J. Gray ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
Laval M. Verhalen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
Verbesina Encelioides ◽  
Shell Peanut ◽  
Weed Removal

Field experiments were conducted in southwestern Oklahoma near Colony in 2000 and near Ft. Cobb in 2001 to quantify the effect of time of removal of a natural population of crownbeard on peanut yield. Weed densities and dry weed weights were measured at eight weed-removal times, and in-shell peanut yields were determined at harvest. Crownbeard was removed at 0 (the weed-free check), 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 wk (full season) after crop emergence (WAE). Weed density was a poor predictor for dry weed weight and peanut yield; however, dry weed weight and time of removal were good predictors for peanut yield. Weed growth was minimal up to 4 WAE and increased linearly after that time. For each week of weed growth, a 0.52 kg/plot increase in dry weed weight was measured. Peanut yield decreased linearly because of crownbeard competition. For each kilogram per plot increase in dry weed weight, a 129 kg/ha or 5.1% peanut yield reduction took place. For each week of weed interference, a 75 kg/ha or 2.8% peanut yield reduction occurred. Crownbeard removal by or before 4 WAE will minimize losses in peanut yield because of interference.

LONG-RANGE EFFECTS OF INTENSIVE CULTIVATION AND MONOCULTURE ON THE QUALITY OF SOUTHERN ONTARIO SOILS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. KETCHESON
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
C And N ◽  
Impaired Water

Ontario holds a significant proportion of the land base for Canada’s food production. Many of the soils are vulnerable to the effects of erosion and intense cropping. Laboratory and field studies indicate that monoculture systems without grass-legume forages lower organic C and N equilibrium levels. Structure and tilth, in terms of total porosity and stable aggregation, are impaired. Marked increases in land areas in monoculture, particularly corn and beans, have occurred in the last 20 yr and could lead to lower yield potentials. However, contrary to this expected trend in soil productivity, Ontario’s census records indicate a yield increase of 1.88 t/ha for nine commonly-grown crops over the 20-yr period. Fertilizer recommendations at the end of the period have decreased to approximately 60% of the amount recommended at the beginning. Deterioration of soil by wind and water erosion is a matter of concern. While average losses are estimated between 0.07 and 1.9 t/ha for different watersheds, individual field situations exceed this and may create serious problems in yield reduction and impaired water quality.

Broadleaf Weed Interference in Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Intensity Of Competition

Interference within a mixture of equal densities of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.], and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) in sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono Hy D2’) was determined in a 3-yr field study. Yield of sugarbeet roots and sucrose per hectare decreased as intensity of competition from equal populations of these three weeds increased. At densities of 6, 12, 18, and 24 broadleaf weeds per 30 m of row, root yields were reduced 13, 24, 33, and 39%, respectively. Sucrose yields were reduced similarly. Fewer than three weeds per 30 m of row did not significantly reduce root yield. Reduction in root yield (Y) of sugarbeets caused by specific densities (X) of the three broadleaf weeds was predicted by using the linear equation Y = 1.64 + 1.88 X. The actual reductions in yield were always less than the predicted reductions when this equation was tested against 36 weed control systems because the competitive ability of broadleaf weeds that were treated with herbicides, but not killed, was suppressed during the growing season. By harvest, broadleaf weeds present in weed-control-system plots weighed an average of 75 to 85% less than broadleaf weeds present in nontreated plots.

Wild Poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 536-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Moore ◽  
Philip A. Banks ◽  
Carol L. Pinnell-Alison
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Yield Reduction

Wild poinsettia control in peanut was evaluated following various preplant-incorporated and postemergence herbicide applications. The addition of vernolate or alachlor to a preplant-incorporated treatment of benefin improved wild poinsettia control obtained with treatments of lactofen or paraquat plus alachlor applied at the time of peanut emergence. Lactofen applied postemergence following lactofen plus alachlor applied at the time of peanut emergence provided ≥92% wild poinsettia control and peanut yields equivalent to the handweeded control. Treatments of paraquat plus alachlor applied at the time of peanut emergence followed by acifluorfen (applied once or twice) or paraquat followed by acifluorfen provided good (74 to 100%) wild poinsettia control for up to 12 weeks after planting and peanut yields not different from the handweeded plots. Treatments that did not provide at least 92% wild poinsettia control when evaluated 5 weeks after planting resulted in significant peanut yield reduction compared to the handweeded control.

Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) interference with peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley S. Royal ◽  
Barry J. Brecke ◽  
Daniel L. Colvin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Studies were conducted in Florida to evaluate interference of common cocklebur with peanut. Peanut yield reduction ranged from 0 to 88% for common cocklebur densities of 0–32 plants 8 m−1of peanut row, and predicted loss was similar under normal moisture conditions. When moisture levels were above normal, the impact on yield was 9–24% less than when soil moisture was normal. Common cocklebur caused peanut yield loss if allowed to interfere for more than the first 2 wk after crop emergence, and peanut had to be common cocklebur free for at least 12 wk to prevent a yield reduction. These results show common cocklebur to be more competitive with peanut than other weeds evaluated previously.

scholarly journals Meeting the Local Rice Needs in Nigeria through Effective Weed Management

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Ismaila ◽  
A. C. Wada ◽  
E. Daniya ◽  
A. U. Gbanguba
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Major Impediment ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

<p>Nigeria is blessed with natural and human resources required to produce rice to meet its local consumption. These resources are spread across all the agro-ecological zones of the country. Despite the availability of these resources, rice production in Nigeria could still not meet the local consumption and over 40% of the crop is imported annually to complement the local production. Several studies have revealed biotic and abiotic stresses as the major impediment to the production of the crop. Weeds are the most prominent of all the stresses across all the ecologies in term of yield reduction, labour demand and control cost. Yield losses of 35-75% and 70-100% have been recorded in low land and upland ecologies respectively as a result of weed interference. The problem of weed is worse than any of the other stress mentioned above except for water stress in low land ecology. This paper reviews the various weed management options that could be adopted for optimal rice yield, by the resource poor farmers of Nigeria.</p>

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