Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) interference with peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley S. Royal ◽  
Barry J. Brecke ◽  
Daniel L. Colvin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Studies were conducted in Florida to evaluate interference of common cocklebur with peanut. Peanut yield reduction ranged from 0 to 88% for common cocklebur densities of 0–32 plants 8 m−1of peanut row, and predicted loss was similar under normal moisture conditions. When moisture levels were above normal, the impact on yield was 9–24% less than when soil moisture was normal. Common cocklebur caused peanut yield loss if allowed to interfere for more than the first 2 wk after crop emergence, and peanut had to be common cocklebur free for at least 12 wk to prevent a yield reduction. These results show common cocklebur to be more competitive with peanut than other weeds evaluated previously.

scholarly journals Environmental Conditions Associated with Stripe Rust in Kansas Winter Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 2306-2312 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Grabow ◽  
D. A. Shah ◽  
E. D. DeWolf
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Disease Forecasting ◽  
Estimation Equations ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
General Estimation

Stripe rust has reemerged as a problematic disease in Kansas wheat. However, there are no stripe rust forecasting models specific to Kansas wheat production. Our objective was to identify environmental variables associated with stripe rust epidemics in Kansas winter wheat as an initial step in the longer-term goal of developing predictive models for stripe rust to be used within the state. Mean yield loss due to stripe rust on susceptible varieties was estimated from 1999 to 2012 for each of the nine Kansas crop reporting districts (CRD). A CRD was classified as having experienced a stripe rust epidemic when yield loss due to the disease equaled or exceeded 1%, and a nonepidemic otherwise. Epidemics were further classified as having been moderate or severe if yield loss was 1 to 14% or greater than 14%, respectively. The binary epidemic categorizations were linked to a matrix of 847 variables representing monthly meteorological and soil moisture conditions. Classification trees were used to select variables associated with stripe rust epidemic occurrence and severity (conditional on an epidemic having occurred). Selected variables were evaluated as predictors of stripe rust epidemics within a general estimation equations framework. The occurrence of epidemics within CRD was linked to soil moisture during the fall and winter months. In the spring, severe epidemics were linked to optimal (7 to 12°C) temperatures. Simple environmentally based stripe rust models at the CRD level may be combined with field-level disease observations and an understanding of varietal reaction to stripe rust as part of an operational disease forecasting system in Kansas.

scholarly journals Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions with prescribed soil moisture experiments: an assessment with the Community Earth System Model (version 1.2)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Hauser ◽  
René Orth ◽  
Sonia I. Seneviratne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Surface Hydrology ◽  
Climate Interactions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Land surface hydrology is an important control of surface weather and climate. A valuable technique to investigate this link is the prescription of soil moisture in land surface models, which leads to a decoupling of the interaction between the atmosphere and land processes. Diverse approaches to prescribe soil moisture, as well as different prescribed soil moisture conditions can be envisaged. Here, we compare and assess three methodologies to prescribe soil moisture and investigate the impact of two estimates of the climatological seasonal cycle to prescribe soil moisture. This can help to guide the set up of future experiments prescribing soil moisture, as for instance planned within the "Land Surface, Snow and Soil Moisture Model Intercomparison Project" (LS3MIP). Our analysis shows that, though in appearance similar, the different approaches require substantially different long-term moisture inputs and lead to different temperature signals. The smallest influence on temperature and the water balance is found when prescribing the median seasonal cycle of deep soil liquid water, whereas the strongest signal is found when prescribing soil liquid and soil ice using the mean seasonal cycle. These results indicate that induced net water-balance perturbations in experiments investigating soil moisture-climate coupling are important contributors to the climate response, in addition to the intended impact of the decoupling.

scholarly journals Investigating the impact of initial soil moisture conditions on total infiltration by using an adapted double-ring infiltrometer

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romed Ruggenthaler ◽  
Gertraud Meißl ◽  
Clemens Geitner ◽  
Georg Leitinger ◽  
Nikolaus Endstrasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Double Ring ◽  
Initial Soil Moisture ◽  
Initial Soil ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
The Impact

The Influence of Soil Water Content on Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Interference in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Mortensen ◽  
Harold D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Field studies were conducted in 1985 and 1986 to evaluate the stability of reciprocal interference relationships between common cocklebur and soybean under high and low soil moisture conditions. A significant soil moisture differential was established with portable rain exclusion shelters. Well-watered and drought-stressed common cocklebur reduced soybean yield 29 and 12%, respectively. Drought-stressed common cocklebur interfered with soybean over a shorter distance and the magnitude of the effect at a given distance was reduced. The reduced common cocklebur interference in drier soils was attributed to both common cocklebur and soybean growth responses to moisture stress. First, moisture stress caused greater reductions in common cocklebur canopy diameter, stem diameter, node number, and plant height than in soybean. Second, the soybean yield potential was reduced by moisture stress. The reduction in yield potential decreased the effect of the weed interference. Third, soybean canopy development was slowed, and canopy closure that occurred in about 12 weeks in well-watered soybeans never occurred in the moisture-stressed soybeans. This reduced the degree of light interference between both the common cocklebur and soybean and among the soybean plants. The results of this study indicate that the reciprocal interference relationships between common cocklebur and soybean are not stable across soil moisture conditions. The implications of unstable competitive parameters must be considered as threshold models are developed for various field crops.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Dry Line and Convective Initiation on Drought Evolution over Oklahoma during the 2011 Drought

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul X. Flanagan ◽  
Jeffrey B. Basara ◽  
Bradley G. Illston ◽  
Jason A. Otkin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Convective Initiation ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Variable Surface ◽  
Oklahoma Mesonet ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet and high resolution Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations were used to evaluate the effect that the dry line and large-scale atmospheric patterns had on drought evolution during 2011. Mesonet observations showed that a “dry” and “wet” pattern developed across Oklahoma due to anomalous atmospheric patterns. The location of the dry line varied due to this “dry” and “wet” pattern, with the average dry line location around 1.5° longitude further to the east than climatology. Model simulations were used to further quantify the impact of variable surface conditions on dry line evolution and convective initiation (CI) during April and May 2011. Specifically, soil moisture conditions were altered to depict “wet” and “dry” conditions across the domain by replacing the soil moisture values by each soil category’s porosity or wilting point value. Overall, the strength of the dry line boundary, its position, and subsequent CI were dependent on the modification of soil moisture. The simulations demonstrated that modifying soil moisture impacted the nature of the dry line and showed that soil moisture conditions during the first half of the warm season modified the dry line pattern and influenced the evolution and perpetuation of drought over Oklahoma.

Soybean (Glycine max) Response to AC 263,222 and Chlorimuron as Influenced by Soil Moisture

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry J. Newsom ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Ac 263,222 ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Field experiments conducted in 1992 and 1993 evaluated differential response of 20 soybean cultivars to POST application of AC 263,222 or chlorimuron, as influenced by soil moisture. Natural rainfall was supplemented with overhead sprinkler irrigation to achieve three moisture regimes: excessive (12.5 cm/wk), optimum (5 cm/wk), and low (non-irrigated). Chlorimuron and AC 263,222 injured soybean. Excessive moisture did not increase soybean injury with chlorimuron for any of the cultivars tested compared to optimum moisture; however, 17 of 20 cultivars were injured more by AC 263,222 in combination with excessive moisture than optimum moisture. AC 263,222 reduced the height of five cultivars. Photosynthetic rate of several cultivars was reduced by both AC 263,222 and chlorimuron. Neither herbicide affected the number of nodes per main stem or seed weight; however, pod numbers were reduced for several cultivars with both herbicides. In the low moisture regime, AC 263,222 delayed the maturity of 18 of 20 cultivars with ‘Hutcheson’ maturity delayed 7.1 d. Excessive moisture when combined with AC 263,222 reduced yields for 12 cultivars, compared to five cultivars with chlorimuron. Under optimum moisture conditions, AC 263,222 reduced the yield of 10 cultivars, whereas chlorimuron reduced the yield of 9 cultivars. Low moisture stress only resulted in a yield reduction with 3 cultivars treated with AC 263,222.

scholarly journals Competitive Effects of Annual Weeds on Spanish Peanuts

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Hill ◽  
P. W. Santelmann
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Annual Weeds

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yields were not influenced by weeds that were removed within 3 weeks after planting and each week thereafter, but a yield reduction did occur when weeds were not removed until 4 to 8 weeks after planting. Peanuts kept weed free at least 6 weeks after planting showed no yield loss due to competition from weeds emerging later. As weed competition increases, peanut seed yield, forage yield, and soil moisture content decreases.

scholarly journals Effects of Onion Yellow Dwarf and Leek Yellow Stripe Viruses on Symptomatology and Yield Loss of Three French Garlic Cultivars

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 1381-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hervé Lot ◽  
Véronique Chovelon ◽  
Sylvie Souche ◽  
Brigitte Delecolle
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Leek Yellow Stripe Virus ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yellow Stripe ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted to determine the effect of two potyviruses, onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), on the symptoms, growth, and potential yield loss of garlic (Allium sativum). For 2 consecutive years, the impact on leaf length, pseudostem diameter, and bulb weight was evaluated after mechanical inoculation of cultivars Messidrome, Germidour, and Printanor, the three main garlic cultivars grown in France. The reduction in bulb weight due to OYDV ranged from 39% for Germidour to about 60% for the two other cultivars. For LYSV, the reduction in bulb weight was less on Messidrome (17%) and Germidour (26%) than on Printanor (54%). Coinfection with both viruses further reduced growth and bulb weight. When cloves originating from bulbs infected by each virus alone or a mixture of both viruses were planted, results indicated that such chronic infection induced further yield reduction. An assay designed to evaluate the role of LYSV inoculation date on yield revealed that yield losses were the lowest for late-season infections. However, yield loss was greater than 30% when the inoculation was performed at the end of April, the time when natural contamination generally occurs in southern France. A comparison of the impact of mixed infections of OYDV and LYSV from different origins suggested that the isolates did not differ significantly in their effects on yield loss.

scholarly journals RESILIENCE OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS FOR CROP PRODUCTION IN RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON SOUTH-EASTERN COAST OF BANGLADESH

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Prabal Barua ◽  
Syed Hafizur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adaptation Options

Coastal people of Bangladesh have been experiencing from lower crop productivity and fewer cropping intensity because of different climatic vulnerabilities. The research work was carried out in Banskhali upazila of Chattogram district and Teknaf of Cox’s Bazar district to assess the impact of climate change on crop production process and to suggest suitable coping strategies and adaptation options for advancing the coastal agriculture for increased agricultural production. To attain the objectives of the research, the author were collected randomly 240 sampled respondents using pre-tested interview schedule. Long-term data/information on climate change showed that there is a trend of temperature rise and erratic rainfall. Participants stated that the current climate in the study area behaving differently than in the past on a number of climate risk factors like increased temperature, frequent drought, changes in seasonal rainfall pattern, long dry spells, increase of soil salinity, increase of tidal surges affecting crop production. The study showed that the main reasons of yield reduction (20-40 % yield loss) in T. aman crop are erratic rainfall, increased intensity and frequency of drought, salinity, floods, cyclone, use of local varieties, increased incidences of pests & diseases etc in the context of climate change. Average yield level of HYV Boro is being affected (20-40 % yield loss) by high temperature and salinity and that of T.Aus/Aus crop is being affected (20-40 % yield loss) by tidal surge. Vegetables, pulses and oilseed crops are being affected (40-60 % yield loss) by soil wetness, excessive rainfall and water-logging in the selected areas. Sorjan system of cropping, rice-fish dual culture, utilization of bunds as vegetables/spices production in gher areas, floating bed agriculture and homestead gardening with introduction of salt-tolerant & drought tolerant crop varieties have been identified as potential adaptation options for development of coastal agriculture for increased agricultural production in attaining food security.

scholarly journals AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT AND SOIL MOISTURE ANALYSIS USING SATELLITE IMAGE BASED INDICES

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W6 ◽  
pp. 507-514
Author(s):  
S. Sreekesh ◽  
N. Kaur ◽  
S. R. Sreerama Naik
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Agricultural Drought ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Meteorological Droughts

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The deficiency in rainfall leads to meteorological droughts. Its manifestations are visible both in the vegetation cover and soil moisture. The present study assessed the characteristics of agricultural drought following meteorological droughts. The study also assessed the severity of meteorological droughts and their manifestation on the agriculture and soil moisture in a semi-arid area. The study has been carried out for the Malaprabha sub-basin which partly covers three districts of North Interior Karnataka, India. India Meteorological Department’s (IMD) criteria have been used to identify the drought years, and its severity has been assessed through the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI). The IMD’s monthly rainfall data were used to identify the drought years and periods for the region. Among the drought years, the mild, moderate, and severe drought along with deficit and excess rainfall years were considered to assess and characterize the soil moisture conditions and the agricultural drought. The satellite image based indices for these selected years were constructed to determine the soil moisture conditions and the agricultural drought severity. The Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) was used to determine the soil moisture conditions. The indices employed to determine the agriculture drought are NDVI, Thermal Condition Index (TCI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), and Vegetation Health Index (VHI). These satellite-based indices were calculated using the Landsat images of the selected drought and non-drought years. The results showed that the seasonal and annual drought are frequent in the study area. There are spatial and temporal variations in the drought years and their severity. The satellite-based indices clearly indicate the spatial variation in the agriculture droughts and its intensity. It has been found that the impact of drought on agriculture has significantly reduced due to the development of well-irrigation in the sub-basin. VHI is more appropriate in determining the agricultural drought and its characteristics.</p>

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