Roxby Iron Age Settlement and the Iron Age in North-East Yorkshire

1985 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Inman ◽  
D. R. Brown ◽  
R. E. Goddard ◽  
D. A. Spratt
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Structural Detail ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Mixed Farming ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Boulder Clay ◽  
Significant Addition ◽  
Iron Working

Round houses and an enclosure, surviving parts of a nucleated settlement on boulder clay terrain at Roxby (near Staithes, north-east Yorkshire), discovered from the air in 1972, were excavated 1973–81. Most were dated to the immediately pre-Roman Iron Age, but one round house, standing in an area of marks of former cross-ploughing, had native Romano-British pottery, and in the last phase of ditch silting, sherds of sixth century AD Anglo-Saxon stamped ware. The economy was based on mixed farming, but two of the Iron Age houses also contained iron working comprising both smelting and smithing. These houses also yielded fragments of jet and glass and were interpreted as a repair workshop, rather than a production unit. Great structural detail had been preserved and was recorded. The houses were architecturally different and represent a significant addition to the prehistoric round house data. They lie in that part of the township of Roxby which escaped medieval ploughing, and probably represent a fraction of the total original settlement. This and other data in north-east Yorkshire show that an economy based on settled mixed farming, not on semi-nomadic pastoralism, was widespread across the boulder clay encircling the North York Moors.

The Britons in Southern Scotland

Antiquity ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 29 (114) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
The North ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
The People ◽  
Northern Portion

The archaeological background of the people of what is now Scotland south of the Forth and Clyde in the Roman period was a La Téne one, and specifically chiefly Iron Age B. This links them intimately with the Britons of southern Britain in the conglomeration of Celtic tribes who called themselves Brittones and spoke what we call the Brittonic or Ancient British form of Celtic, from which are descended the three modern languages of Welsh, Cornish and Breton. To the north of the Forth was a different people, the Picts. They too were Celts or partly Celts; probably not Brittones however, but a different branch of the Celtic race, though more closely related to the Brittones than to the Goidels of Ireland and (in later times) of the west of Scotland. Not being Brittonic, the Picts may be ignored here. Our southern Scottish Brittones are nothing but the northern portion of a common Brittonic population, from the southern portion of which come the people of Wales and Cornwall. Some historians speak of the northern Brittones as Welsh, following good Anglo-Saxon precedent, but this is apt to lead to confusion. The best term for them, in the Dark Ages and early Medieval period, as long as they survived, is ‘Cumbrians’, and for their language, ‘Cumbric’. They called themselves in Latin Cumbri and Cumbrenses, which is a Latinization of the native word Cymry, meaning ‘fellow-countrymen’, which both they and the Welsh used of themselves in common, and is still the Welsh name for the Welsh to the present day. The centre of their power was Strathclyde, the Clyde valley, with their capital at Dumbarton.

Bronze Age Barrows on Charmy Down and Lansdown, Somerset

1950 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 34-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Williams
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Stream Flows ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

Charmy Down is a plateau three miles north-east of Bath (fig. 1, 1), east of the Bath-Tetbury road. About a square mile in extent it has a general height of well over 600 ft. To the north the scarp falls swiftly, on the east more gently, to the wooded valley of St. Catherine's Brook, a tributary of the Bristol Avon and the modern Somerset–Gloucester boundary. At the foot of the steep western scarp a second stream flows south to the Avon. On the south Chilcombe Bottom separates Charmy Down from Solsbury Hill, distinguished by its Iron Age earthwork. The underlying rock is oolite, a southward continuation of the Cotswold formation.

Urbanization and Spatial Organization in Southern France and North-Eastern Spain during the Iron Age

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Intermediate Zone ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Southern France ◽  
North East ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Process Of Urbanization

This chapter examines the process of urbanization in north-east Spain and southern France during the Iron Age. The findings reveal that the French Midi is an intermediate zone where the process of urbanization develops later than in the central Mediterranean, but earlier than in Celtic Europe. The results also indicate that it was the Greek commercial demand that influenced the organization of a network of exchange which resulted in the network of settlements that occurred at the end of the sixth century BC.

scholarly journals Angels, warriors, and beacons: Totemic law, territorial coding, and monumental sculpture in post-industrial landscapes

Semiotica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (216) ◽  
pp. 225-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronnie Lippens
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Monumental Sculpture ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
Industrial Landscapes ◽  
Post Industrial

AbstractNational or local authorities regularly commission artists to build or construct sculptures and artworks destined for a place in a public space. Some of those sculptures and artworks are monumentally huge. Positioned in the open landscape, they are visible from a considerable distance. This contribution focuses on three such sculptures in the United Kingdom. The first, “Angel of the North,” was completed in 1998 and is standing at Gateshead in the North East of England. The second, “Anglo Saxon Warrior,” has not yet been built to a massive scale – although smaller, life-size versions were – but some debate has taken place in Stoke-on-Trent in North Staffordshire in the West Midlands about the possibility and remote likelihood of its construction. The third, “Golden,” is, however, at the time of writing, in the process of being assembled with an eye on erecting it, in 2014, at the very same location, Stoke-on-Trent. Proposals for all aforementioned artworks emerged against the backdrop of regional de-industrialization and were, at least partly, devised as an answer to economic and social deprivation in both regional localities. In this contribution an effort is made to tease out the symbolic intricacies embedded in all three artworks. Although all include references to what could be called the eternal origins of a mythical common law universe, each suggests, projects, and attempts to encode a moral and legal order in quite distinctly different ways.

The West Court at Perachora

1967 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 353-371
Author(s):  
J. J. Coulton
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
East Side ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Rock Face ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
East And West

About 10 metres south-west of the sixth-century temple of Hera Akraia at Perachora, and nearly due west of the little harbour lies the small courtyard previously known as the ‘Agora’. Since its purpose is not known, it will here be non-committally referred to as the West Court. It was first excavated in 1932, and more fully, under the supervision of J. K. Brock, in 1933, but it was not entirely cleared until 1939, and it was at that time that the Roman house which stood in the middle of the court was demolished. The West Court is discussed briefly (under the name of ‘Agora’) in Perachora 1 and in the preliminary reports of the Perachora excavations. Short supplementary excavations were carried out in 1964 and 1966 to examine certain points of the structure.In shape the West Court is an irregular pentagon, about 24 metres from north to south and the same from east to west (Fig. 1; Plate 91 a, b). It is enclosed on the west, north, and on part, at least, of the east side by a wall of orthostates on an ashlar foundation. For a short distance on either side of the south corner, the court is bounded by a vertically dressed rock face which is extended to the north-east and west by walls of polygonal masonry. At the south-west corner the west orthostate wall butts against the polygonal wall, which continues for about 0·80 m. beyond it and then returns north for about 8 metres behind it.

scholarly journals All the Roads to Patavium: Morphology, Genesis and Development of the Roman Road Network Around Padua

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Matteazzi
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Italian Peninsula ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The City

Abstract This paper deals with the analysis of the ancient road network around the city of Padua, attempts to reconstruct its morphology and to define its genesis and development between the second Iron Age and Late Antiquity (6th/5th cent. BC to 6th cent. AD). The study follows a methodological approach that today we define as „archaeomorphological“, first proposed by E. Vion in the late 1980s. By applying this methodology to the Paduan territory, it was possible to identify a series of routes of probable ancient origin radially converging toward the center of Roman Patavium, and linking it to other urban centers in the region and to the minor centers located within its ager. The presence of Iron Age settlements along the path of many of these routes suggests that the development of such a road network likely begins in pre-Roman times, which also highlights the ancient strategic importance of Padua and its territory as a fundamental junction between the center and the North-East of the Italian peninsula. On the other hand, the Roman road network somehow survived into the Late Antiqueand Early Medieval times, always influencing the distribution of settlements and the orientation of churches, until it was for the greater part restored by the Commune of Padua over the 13th century.

scholarly journals RESEARCH OF BATYRBEK MOUNDS ON NARYN SAND

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marat Kasenov
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
West Kazakhstan ◽  
Western Side ◽  
Clay Rocks ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

The article presents the results of archaeological excavations on the Batyrbek Mound on the Naryn sand. The Naryn sands are located in the northwestern part of the Caspian Basin, between the Volga and Ural rivers. Administrative covers Isatai Was Makhambet areas of Atyrau region and the southern part of Bokey Orda, Zhangala and Akzhaiyk parts of the West Kazakhstan region. The area is 40 thousand km 2. The sandy zone is on average 21 m below sea level. The region is formed by deposits of the Khvalyn and Khazar periods of the Caspian Sea. Consists of arrays Batbayar, Botany, Condulet, Manteca Arcticum, Zhamankum Horde. The north-East is occupied by the Kamyshovo-Samara floodplain. Often the wind blows, a dust storm. A river with a constant flow of no streams. Fresh water reserves underground (at a depth of 1.5-2 m) are plentiful. There are many wells and oases. The spring floodplain runoff of Karaozen and Saryozen sometimes irrigates the northern side of the Naryn sand. The soil cover consists mainly of pale brown, sandy loam, and salt-gray soils[1]. In September 2019, excavations were carried out of 2 burial grounds dating back to the Iron Age, located 3.36 km south of the village of Batyrbek, located on the north-western side of the Kurmangazinsky district of Atyrau region. In archaeological excavations, tombs typical of the Iron Age were discovered. 4 graves were discovered, buried in the late period. The article covers the research of these mounds. The mounds are found in the northwestern part of the Naryn sand, in the steppe areas of «takyr», consisting of hard clay rocks. There were hundreds of Iron Age burial mounds in these areas. The mound was excavated for the first time.

Winchester

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Roffey
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Place ◽  
British History ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The South ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
The North ◽  
South Central ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
Power Center

Winchester lays claim to being one of the most important cities in British history. The city has a central place in British myth and legend and was once ancient capital and residence of the Anglo-Saxon and early Norman kings. Winchester is also one of the most extensively excavated medieval towns in England and was the training ground for modern British archeology. Situated in south-central England, Winchester was close to key communication routes via the south coast and the important medieval port at Southampton. Founded in the Roman period as Venta Belgarum, close to the site of the Iron Age market settlement, Winchester quickly grew into a prosperous Roman civitas. After the decline of Roman power in Britain, Winchester remained as an important power center in the south and by the mid-7th century was the pre-eminent town in the newly established Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex. With the consolidation of Wessex’s power in the 9th and 10th centuries and the eventual re-establishment of control over the former Viking-influenced areas of the midlands and the north, Winchester became the seat of English royal power. With the Norman Conquest in 1066, the early Norman kings sought to keep Winchester as the royal seat. However, with the rising pre-eminence of London in the mid-12th century, Winchester’s power declined as royal and secular power shifted to London. Nevertheless, Winchester was still to remain of some importance throughout the medieval period and its bishop one of the most powerful, influential, and richest lords in medieval England; a status still attested to by the city’s medieval cathedral. As a city of many religious foundations, Winchester’s fortunes waned after the Reformation to be briefly reborn in the later 17th century with the planned construction of Charles II palace on the site of the former medieval castle. Charles’ plans to reinvent Winchester as a revitalized English royal city were aborted with his untimely death in 1688, with the palace, designed by Christopher Wren, barely finished.

scholarly journals Shipping amphorae and shipping sheep? Livestock mobility in the north-east Iberian peninsula during the Iron Age based on strontium isotopic analyses of sheep and goat tooth enamel

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. e0205283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Valenzuela-Lamas ◽  
Hector A. Orengo ◽  
Delphine Bosch ◽  
Maura Pellegrini ◽  
Paul Halstead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Isotopic Analyses

IV.—The Fluvio-glacial Gravels of the Thames Valley

1916 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
R. M. Deeley
Keyword(s):  
Main Stream ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Boulder Clay ◽  
River Thames ◽  
Glacial Fan

At about 55 miles we reach the Hendon Lobe fan. At Dollis Hill the base of the fluvio-glacial beds lies at a height of about 200 feet, whilst their upper limit at Hendon is about 280 feet. On Finchley Hill to the north-east the Boulder-clay lies between the levels of 240 and 340 feet. This was a small lobe, and the fluvio-glacial fan may have sloped rapidly towards the fluvio-glacial gravels of the main stream. On the section, Fig. 2, the heights are shown without correction for slope towards the River Thames.

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