The Pleistocene Succession in the Lower parts of the Thames Valley

1936 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 52-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. R. King ◽  
K. P. Oakley
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
River Level ◽  
Main Valley ◽  
The North ◽  
Composite Section ◽  
The One ◽  
North And South ◽  
As If

The object of the present communication is to demonstrate the relationships which, in the light of present knowledge, appear to exist between the various Pleistocene and Holocene deposits in the Lower and Middle Thames Valley. For this purpose two cross-sections of the valley have been drawn indicating the relative positions of the deposits which occur at various localities as though they were all present in two localities, one in the Lower, and one in the Middle Thames.As many of the more important deposits in the Lower Thames are represented to the north and south of the river in the Dartford area, we have drawn the one section as if our ideal locality occurred in that neighbourhood. In this section, therefore, the relative altitudes of the various beds above and below present river level are those which are found in that part of the Thames basin. In tributary valleys, or in other parts of the main valley these altitudes are not of course necessarily maintained. In cases where deposits belonging to a particular stage have not been preserved in the Dartford area, but occur in a neighbouring part of the valley, or in a tributary valley, their position in the composite section has been roughly gauged by a process of extrapolation. Similarly when dealing with the Middle Thames, we have drawn our ideal section as though all the deposits occurred in one section of the valley in the neighbourhood of Iver.

scholarly journals Realignments of the Colorado River by ~2 m.y. of rotational bedrock landsliding: The Surprise Valley landslide complex, Grand Canyon, Arizona

Geosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse E. Robertson ◽  
Karl E. Karlstrom ◽  
Matthew T. Heizler ◽  
Laura J. Crossey
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Colorado River ◽  
Grand Canyon ◽  
Geologic Mapping ◽  
River Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Seismic Triggering ◽  
Depositional Age ◽  
Deer Creek

The Surprise Valley landslide complex is the name used here for a group of prominent river-damming landslides in Grand Canyon (Arizona, USA) that has shifted the path of the Colorado River several times in the past 2 m.y. We document a sequence of eight landslides. Three are Toreva-block landslides containing back-rotated but only mildly disrupted bedrock stratigraphy. The largest of these landslides, Surprise Valley landslide, is hypothesized to have dammed the Colorado River, cut off a meander loop through Surprise Valley, and rerouted the river 2.5 km south to near its present course at the Granite Narrows. Another bedrock landslide, Poncho’s runup, involved a mass detachment from the north side of the river that drove a kilometer-scale bedrock slab across the river and up the south canyon wall to a height of 823 m above the river. A lake behind this landslide is inferred from the presence of mainstem gravels atop the slide that represent the approximate spillway elevation. We postulate that this landslide lake facilitated the upriver 133 Mile slide detachment and Toreva block formation. The other five landslides are subsequent slides that consist of debris from the primary slides; these also partially blocked and diverted the Colorado River as well as the Deer Creek and Tapeats Creek tributaries into new bedrock gorges over the past 1 m.y. The sequence of landslides is reconstructed from inset relationships revealed by geologic mapping and restored cross-sections. Relative ages are estimated by measuring landslide base height above the modern river level in locations where landslides filled paleochannels of the Colorado River and its tributaries. We calculate an average bedrock incision rate of 138 m/m.y. as determined by a 0.674 ± 0.022 Ma detrital sanidine maximum depositional age of the paleoriver channel fill of the Piano slide, which has its base 70 m above the river level and ~93 m above bedrock level beneath the modern river channel. This date is within error of, and significantly refines, the prior cosmogenic burial date of 0.88 ± 0.44 Ma on paleochannel cobbles. Assuming steady incision at 138 m/m.y., the age of Surprise Valley landslide is estimated to be ca. 2.1 Ma; Poncho’s runup is estimated to be ca. 610 ka; and diversion of Deer Creek to form modern Deer Creek Falls is estimated to be ca. 400 ka. The age of the most recent slide, Backeddy slide, is estimated to be ca. 170 ka based on its near-river-level position. Our proposed triggering mechanism for Surprise Valley landslides involves groundwater saturation of a failure plane in the weak Bright Angel Formation resulting from large volumes of Grand Canyon north-rim groundwater recharge prior to establishment of the modern Deer, Thunder, and Tapeats springs. Poncho’s and Piano landslides may have been triggered by shale saturation caused by 600–650 ka lava dams that formed 45 river miles (73 river km; river miles are measured along the Colorado River downstream from Lees Ferry, with 1 river mile = 1.62 river kms) downstream near Lava Falls. We cannot rule out effects from seismic triggering along the nearby Sinyala fault. Each of the inferred landslide dams was quickly overtopped (tens of years), filled with sediment (hundreds of years), and removed (thousands of years) by the Colorado River, as is also the potential fate of modern dams.

Postbellum America

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
The North ◽  
Human Trait ◽  
The One ◽  
North And South ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

One of the earliest historians of the Civil War saw it as a fundamental clash between the peoples of different latitudes. Climate had made the antebellum North and South distinct societies and natural enemies, John W. Draper argued, the one democratic and individualist, the other aristocratic and oligarchical. If such were the case, the future of the reunited states was hardly a bright one. But Draper saw no natural barriers to national unity that wise policy could not surmount. The restlessness and transience of American life that many deplored instead merited, in his view, every assistance possible. In particular, he wrote, Americans needed to be encouraged to move as freely across climatic zones as they already did within them. The tendency of North and South to congeal into hostile types of civilization could be frustrated, but only by an incessant mingling of people. Sectional discord was inevitable only if the natural law that "emigrants move on parallels of latitude" were left free to take its course. These patterns of emigration were left free, for the most part, but without the renewed strife that Draper feared. After the war as before it, few settlers relocating to new homes moved far to the north or south of their points of origin. As late as 1895, Henry Gannett, chief geographer to the U.S. Census, could still describe internal migration as "mainly conducted westward along parallels of latitude." More often as time went on, it was supposed that race and not merely habit underlay the pattern, that climatic preferences were innate, different stocks of people staying in the latitudes of their forbears by the compulsion of biology. Thus, it was supposed, Anglo-Saxons preferred cooler lands than Americans of Mediterranean ancestry, while those of African descent preferred warmer climates than either. Over time, though, latitude loosened its grip and exceptions to the rule multiplied. As the share of the population in farming declined, so did the strongest reason for migrants to stay within familiar climates. Even by the time Gannett wrote, the tendency that he described, though still apparent, was weaker than it had been at mid-century. It weakened because a preference for familiar climates was not a fixed human trait but one shaped by experience and wants, and capable of changing as these variables changed.

The Structure of Titled Offices among the Abutia Ewe

Africa ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Verdon
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
The Political ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Volta Region ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
North And South ◽  
As If

Opening ParagraphThe Abutia Ewe form one of what the British colonial administrators dubbed the ‘traditional areas’, over one hundred of which are said to compose the Ewe people or Eweland. These Ewe traditional areas lie in the southern half of the Volta Region (in Ghana) and in southern Togo. Although much has been written about the Ewe, little is known about the political organisation of the inland areas, north of the coastal savanna. In fact, most authors have treated the Ewe as if they were thoroughly homogeneous and could be analysed as one ethnic group or one society, only acknowledging variations between the north and south, not considered significant enough to make them completely different groups (Spieth 1906; 1911; Westermann 1935; Ward 1949; Manoukian 1952; Nukunya 1969; Friedländer 1962; Asamoa 1971 amongst many others). And yet I contend that the northern areas are as distinct from the southern ones as they are from the Akan populations. As a result, none of the present available literature is particularly useful as a paradigmatic model of the northern areas' political organisation.

scholarly journals The level variability, thermal structure and currents in Lake Chapala, Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ávalos-Cueva ◽  
Anatoliy Filonov ◽  
Iryna Tereshchenko ◽  
César Monzón ◽  
Diego Pantoja-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
The North ◽  
Lake Chapala ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Anticyclonic Gyre ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
North And South ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Measurements of temperature, currents and lake level taken in 2005-2014 are analyzed and discussed. Moored measurements of temperature and level in the northern part of the lake reveal the presence of seiches oscillations of the first and second modes, with periods of 5.7 and 2.8 hours, and amplitudes of 15.4 and 2.1 mm. In 2006 four temperature cross-sections were carried out in the study area. The obtained data reveal that in all four seasons of the year the temperatures averaged over the north and south coastal areas differ by 2-3°C. The lake currents were simulated using the HAMSOM 2-D hydrodynamic model both for wet and dry seasons. The model results are in good agreement with the ADCP data. The presence of an anticyclonic gyre, 10-12 km in diameter, in the central part of the lake in both seasons is revealed. In particular, the summer 2014 data provide evidence of the gyre and its impact on the spatial distribution of temperature in the lake.

Differences in bleaching responses from fungal- versus bacterial-derived enzymes

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER W. HART
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
South American ◽  
Oxygen Delignification ◽  
The North ◽  
Eucalyptus Pulp ◽  
The One ◽  
Enzyme Bleaching ◽  
North And South

Several mills in North America have been successful in using xylanase enzymes expressed from Trichoderma reesei (a fungus) as part of their bleaching sequence for many years. These mills process hardwood and softwood species, with and without oxygen delignification. These mills also use three-, four-, and five-stage bleaching sequences. North American mills tend to report increased pulp brightness ceilings and decreased bleaching costs as benefits associated with the application of enzymes in the bleaching process. Laboratory testing suggests that eucalyptus pulp is highly susceptible to fungal- and bacterial-derived enzyme bleaching and should result in significant cost savings in South American mills. At least four different mills in South America have attempted to perform enzyme bleaching trials using bacterial-derived enzymes. Each of these mill trials resulted in significantly increased operating costs and/or unsustainable operating conditions. More recently, one of these South American mills performed a short trial using a commercially available, fungal-derived enzyme. This trial was technically successful. This report attempts to determine why the South American mill experiences with bacterial-derived enzymes have been poor, while North American mills and the one South American mill trial have had good results with fungal-derived enzymes. Operating conditions and trial goals for the North and South American mills also were examined.

2. On the Destructive Effects of the Waves of the Sea on the North-East Shores of Shetland

1862 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 200-201
Author(s):  
Thomas Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The One ◽  
The Waves

The author stated, that the present communication might be regarded as supplementary to the one describing the results of his marine dynamometer, which would be found in the 14th volume of the “Transactions.” On the Bound Skerry of Whalsey, which is only exposed to the waves of the North Sea or German Ocean, he had found, on first landing in 1852, masses of rock, weighing 9½ tons and under, heaped together by the action of the waves at the level of no less than 62 feet above the sea; and others, ranging from 6 to 13½ tons, were found to have been quarried out of their positions in situ, at levels of from 70 to 74 feet above the sea.

IV.—The Post-Pleistocene Flora and Fauna of Central England

1910 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 542-553
Author(s):  
A. R. Horwood
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Position ◽  
The South ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
River Drainage ◽  
The North ◽  
The One ◽  
North And South

The central position of Leicestershire gives it not only a peculiar relationship in regard to river-drainage, streams radiating from its plateau-frontier on the one hand to the north, flowing into the Humber, and on the other to the south into the Bristol Channel, separated alone by a now comparatively insignificant divide in the neighbourhood of Lutterworth. Also the very fact that this divide is given, by the otherwise lowland character of the tract to the north and south, a barrier-like aspect, renders it highly probable that the flora and fauna in this basin-like area is more or less homogeneous. That it has been uniform in character, no doubt from pre-Glacial times, when doubtless the existing drainage systems (though probably still more ancient fundamentally) received their most recent stamp, having been little modified (except in depth or width) during Glacial or later times. For this purpose we must needs summarize all that is known as to the occurrence of plants or land and fresh water Mollusca in post-Pleistocene alluvial deposits.

The Design and Construction of Burton Bridge

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-240
Author(s):  
R. B. Malloy ◽  
D. J. Davies
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
The South ◽  
South Side ◽  
Arch Bridge ◽  
River Level ◽  
The North ◽  
North Bank ◽  
The One ◽  
Bridge Spans ◽  
The City

Burton Bridge spans the Saint John River about 14 miles (~22 km) downstream from the city of Fredericton, New Brunswick, replacing a ferry service between Maugerville on the Trans-Canada Highway along the north bank of the river, and the township of Burton on the south side of the river. The ferry service, said to have been in use for over two hundred years, met with increasing criticism in recent years and a demand for its replacement by a bridge has resulted in the present structure, completed and opened to traffic in the autumn of 1972. The main span is an arch bridge with a center navigation span of 600 ft (182.9 m), and an overall length of 1026.5 ft (312.9 m), flanked on each side by three 125 ft (38.1 m) approach spans. The total length of bridge between the abutments is 1784.5 ft (543.9 m), and its greatest height above normal river level in summer is 185 ft (56.4 m). Access to the bridge from the existing roads is accomplished by approach roads on new embankments, the one on the south side being relatively short, while those on the north bank form a complex of roads providing east and west access to the Trans-Canada Highway, over which a pre-stressed concrete overpass bridge has been built for one of the routes.

scholarly journals The North and South Divide in the Practice and Application of International Law: A Humanitarian and Human Right Law Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hamid Kwarteng ◽  
Thomas Prehi Botchway
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
The North ◽  
Draft Resolution ◽  
The One ◽  
North And South

The North and South divide in the practice and application of international laws have been previously perceived to be evident in international environmental law where the Global developed North countries on the one hand advocate for a collective action to protect the environment while the Global developing Southern countries, on the other hand, argue for social and economic justice in practice. However, in recent times the North and South divide has permeated other aspects of international law such as International Human right and International Humanitarian law (IHL), hence the essence of this article. Thus, this article contributes to the existing literature by providing evidence to the existence of the North and South divide in the application of IHL and human right law.The article is divided into four main parts. The first part gives an introduction to the North and South divide in the application of international law. The second part reviews the literature on the existence of North and South divide in the application of international environmental laws. The third part gives a new dimension to the North and South divide in the application of international humanitarian and human right laws with the Syrian Crisis, Malaysian Airline flight MH17 and the 2007 draft resolution on the peace and security of Myanmar as the case studies. The last part concludes by giving an overview of how this phenomenon threatens world peace and consequently offers some recommendations.

Towards a Bourgeois Revolution? Explaining the American Civil War

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
The North ◽  
Wage Labour ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
North And South

Abstract This paper introduces arguments from Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic1 to suggest that the Civil War arose ultimately because of class-conflict between on the one hand, Southern slaves and their masters and, on the other, Northern workers and their employers. It does not, however, suggest that either in the North or the South these conflicts were on the point of erupting into revolution. On the contrary, they were relatively easily containable. However, harmony within each section (North and South) could be secured only at the cost of intersectional conflict, conflict which would finally erupt into civil war. The Civil War was a ‘bourgeois revolution’ not only because it destroyed slavery, an essentially precapitalist system of production, in the United States but also because it resulted in the enthronement of Northern values, with the normalisation of wage-labour at their core.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document