Appendix IV: Thermoluminescence Dating of Daub from Site 1: The Timber Circle

1994 ◽  
Vol 60 (S1) ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
N Detenham
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Beta Activity ◽  
Metal Working ◽  
Thermoluminescence Dating ◽  
Burnt Clay ◽  
Dating Method ◽  
Radioactivity Measurements

A sample of burnt clay (SBC 1), recovered from context 80, c. 0.5 m deep in the central pit of the umber ciicle, was examined by thermoluminescence (TL). The clay was expected to be either Bronze Age or Iron Age in date, being associated either with the timber circle or with the Iron Age metal working in the top of the central pit.The TL dating method measures the time that has elapsed since the heating of the material (which zeroes the TL signal). The measurement consists of firstly a determination of the radiation dose received by the sample since its heating (through the examination of its TL) and secondly an assessment of the rate at which the radiation dose was received (carried out by radioactivity measurements). Further descriptions of the method are given by Aitken (1985) and Zimmerman (1971).The outer 2 mm or more of the sample were cut away to remove those pans that had been exposed to light and to the alpha and beta activity of the surrounding sediment The interior piece was crushed, and fine grains of 2-10 mu were separated by suspension in dilute hydrochloric acid. The grains were then washed in water, methanol and acetone before deposition onto aluminium discs.

Excavations and Metal-working at Llwyn Bryn-dinas Hillfort, Llangedwyn, Clwyd

1992 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Musson ◽  
W. J. Britnell ◽  
J. P. Northover ◽  
C. J. Salter ◽  
P. Q. Dresser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Radiocarbon Date ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Metal Working ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Alloy Casting ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Evidence

Small-scale rescue excavations at Llwyn Bryn-dinas hillfort, on the Welsh Borderland, showed that the earliest fortification belonged to the late Bronze Age, with radiocarbon dates in the late 9th and 8th centuries be. A terrace, subsequently cut into the rear of the rampart to accommodate a metal-working floor, was associated with a radiocarbon date centred in the late 3rd century bc. Detailed analysis of the metal-working debris suggests that copper-alloy casting, iron forging and possibly bronze production were carried out within a single workshop. The finds include a distinctive form of handled crucible. The industry appears to have been fairly small-scale, of short duration, and probably only designed to meet the internal needs of the hillfort population. The excavation adds significantly to the local evidence for metal-working during the later prehistoric period. A distinctive zinc-impurity pattern in the copper alloy and raw copper, previously identified in material from other sites nearby, confirms the suggestion of an Iron Age bronze-working industry based on a specific metal source in the north Powys area. In addition, analysis of the iron-working debris suggests the exploitation of a distinctive local ore body. The metal-working activity appears to have come to an abrupt end, possibly with the enlargement or local repair of the rampart. Later phases of activity include a final occupation deposit with an associated radiocarbon date centred in the mid 2nd century bc.

Thermoluminescence as a potential means of dating siliceous ocean sediments

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Huntley ◽  
H. P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Radiation Sensitivity ◽  
Single Peak ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Thermoluminescence Dating ◽  
Limiting Value

The natural thermoluminescence of siliceous shell separated from two North Pacific deep-sea cores has been measured. The thermoluminescence shows a single peak at ~240 °C, the intensity of which increases with depth up to a limiting value. Measurements of sample radiation-sensitivity and the determination of radiation dose rates are also presented. It is concluded that thermoluminescence dating is a potentially viable dating technique for such material.

scholarly journals Attempts at thermoluminescence dating of fired materials from the Przeworsk Culture settlements

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Kusiak ◽  
Mariusz Rychter ◽  
Marta Stasiak-Cyran
Keyword(s):  
Roman Period ◽  
Tl Dating ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Thermoluminescence Dating ◽  
Burnt Clay ◽  
Dating Method ◽  
Przeworsk Culture ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
First Time ◽  
Burial Grounds

AbstractThe thermoluminescence (TL) dating method has a significant measurement error margin reaching almost 10%. Due to this fact it could be considered as little effective in case of such sites from the Roman period as burial grounds with many artefacts useful for archaeological dating. However, for many settlements from this period, where pottery is the only kind of artefacts, the TL method can give notable results. The main purpose of the study was to make an attempt at TL dating of pottery and clay daub samples from the Nieszawa Kolonia and Kręcieszki sites and to compare the obtained dates with the results of archaeological dating of selected features from the Przeworsk Culture settlements. In the Kręcieszki site the fragments of burnt clay daub were dated by the TL method for the first time in the Lublin laboratory. It turned out that clay daub is an equally good dating material as pottery. It can be found that the TL dating of pottery from Nieszawa Kolonia confirms two stages of settlement. The first settlement stage is related to the phases B2-B2/C1-C1a of the Roman period, i.e. from the beginning of the 2nd to the beginning of the 3rd century. The second group of TL dates corresponds to the phases C2D that is to the second stage of settlement, from the second half of the 3rd century to the half of the 5th century AD. The results of TL dating of pottery and clay daub in the Kręcieszki site are rather similar and correspond to the phase B1/B2 of the period of Roman influence, determined from pottery style, but can also indicate the phase B2/C1.

scholarly journals ROUTE DETERMINATION OF HISTORICAL ROADS BY LOCATION OF PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENTS: NORTH OF LAKE EBER

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (13) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Ozdemir Kocak ◽  
Omur Esen
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Prehistoric Settlements

Prehistoric settlements are prominent among the most important representatives of the cultural heritage in Turkey. These settlements are important for understanding the social, cultural, and economic conditions of the people who had lived in the past. As a matter of fact, these ancient settlements (mounds) and their locations to each other are taken as a basis in understanding the prehistoric routes. In this study, a route is identified beginning from the settlements in the north of a lake called Eber Gölü, which is located in the western part of Turkey. In this project, the study methods of Ancient History, Archaeology and Geodesy, and Photogrammetry Engineering are used. According to that, first old settlements are identified, three-dimensional maps of these settlements are created and dating is carried on based on the ceramics (sherds) that are found on the settlements. All of this data is then overlapped. Successive settlements are observed in the east-west direction in the north of Lake Eber. These settlements reach a large mound called Üçhöyük in the westernmost part. In the east, it extends in different directions. Findings dating back to the 5th millennium BC (Chalcolithic Age) were found in these mounds. It is understood that the ceramics among these finds reflect a common tradition. This also supports the connection between these settlements. It is also possible to see some of these settlements from other settlements by the naked eye. Thus, it can be thought that the settlements in the north of the aforesaid lake have been in contact with each other since the prehistoric period. It can also be said that this relationship started in the Chalcolithic Age, continued during the Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age, Iron Age, Hellenistic Period, and Roman Period, because it is determined that the findings (especially sherds) belonging to these periods are very similar.

scholarly journals Anthropological Description of Skeletal Material from the Dniester Barrowcemetery Complex, Yampil Region, Vinnitsa Oblast (Ukraine)

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-336
Author(s):  
Liudmyla V. Litvinova ◽  
Sylwia Łukasik ◽  
Danuta Żurkiewicz ◽  
Marta Gwizdała ◽  
Maciej Chyleński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Enamel Hypoplasia ◽  
Porotic Hyperostosis ◽  
Linear Enamel Hypoplasia ◽  
Skeletal Material

Abstract Anthropological examinations were performed on skeletal material from four barrow necropolises located in the Yampil Region (Ukraine) and dated to the Eneolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age. The purpose of the examinations was the determination of sex and age at death of individuals, reconstruction of their stature and assessment of their status of health. The examinations covered 61 individuals: 17 children and 44 adults. Their health status was assessed using four common indicators: linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis and dental caries.

The working of copper-arsenic alloys in the Early Bronze Age and the effect on the determination of provenance

1972 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh McKerrell ◽  
R. F. Tylecote
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Metal Working ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Tin Bronze ◽  
Arsenical Copper ◽  
Copper Arsenic

The earliest copper alloy of the British Bronze Age is arsenical copper, a material relatively short-lived when compared with the succeeding tin bronze but of no little importance when tracing the stages and progress of prehistoric metal working. Like tin, arsenic functions as a mild deoxidant and confers the useful property of work-hardening upon the metal. Copper-arsenic alloys need to be strengthened by cold working, and it was probably this requirement as much as any other that would have led to their eventual disuse and replacement by cast tin bronzes. The normal source of arsenic for such alloys is generally agreed as a constituent of the copper ore actually smelted, usually the grey tetrahedrite tennantite mineral (Coghlan and Case, 1957; Tylecote, 1962), although other suggestions have been made (Charles, 1967).

Metal-Working in Homer

1954 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. F. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Metal Working ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
Industrial Material ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Transitional Age ◽  
Iron Working ◽  
Type 3

In discussing the transition from bronze to iron in Anatolia, Dr. Stefan Przeworski incidentally identifies Homeric conditions with the stage in the historical development of metallurgy which he calls Chalcosideric. Professor Nilsson and Miss Lorimer have argued briefly but effectively that the poems contain elements from different periods; but belief in an historical ‘Homeric Society’ dies hard and justifies a more detailed examination of all the references to metals in the poems.Przeworski's transitional age began about 1300 B.C. in Anatolia and about a century later in Greece; in both it ended about 700 B.C. Before it began, bronze was the useful material for all industrial purposes, and the rare uses of iron were ornamental or magical. After it ended, iron was the normal industrial material, and the more malleable bronze was used for fine work or elaborate modelling. The characteristics of the intermediate period are: 1. Imitation of Late Bronze Age types in iron. 2. Simultaneous appearance of bronze and iron objects of the same purpose and type. 3. Inlay of bronze objects with iron. 4. Combination in the same weapon or tool of iron working and bronze ornamental parts. 5. Addition of iron working parts to bronze objects such as cult-wagons and utensils. 6. Use of bronze rivets on iron weapons and tools. 7. Repair of bronze objects with iron parts (Przeworski 175–6.) Most of these characteristics are so technical that they are unlikely to be reflected in poetry. Moreover, so many bronze objects were in common use at all periods, including the full Iron Age, that the most significant evidence may be taken to be the relative value of the metals, the relative frequency of bronze and iron weapons and tools, and the degree of familiarity shown with the methods of the forge as distinct from the foundry.

6. Evaluation of Five Extraction Protocols for Determination of Endotoxin in Metal Working Fluid Aerosol

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bartlett ◽  
J. Phipps ◽  
K. Kulhankova ◽  
P. Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Working Fluid ◽  
Metal Working

The Excavation of a Settlement of the Later Bronze Age and Iron Age at Myrehead, Falkirk District

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Ring Groove ◽  
Domestic Activity ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
First Millennium Bc ◽  
Actual Settlement

SUMMARY Myrehead has revealed the eroded remnants of activity from the Beaker period (Period A) onwards, with actual settlement evinced only from about the early first millennium be. The three houses and the cooking pits of Period B may have been constructed and used sequentially. This open settlement was probably replaced during the mid first millennium bc, possibly without a break, by a palisaded enclosure (Period C), which may have contained a ring-groove house and a four-post structure. Continued domestic activity (Period D) was suggested by a single pit outside the enclosure, dated to the late first millennium bc/early first millennium ad. The limited evidence of the economy of the settlements suggests a mixed farming system.

From the bronze age to the iron age

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Grecian ◽  
Safwaan Adam ◽  
Akheel Syed
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
The Bronze Age
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