scholarly journals XVII.—The Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere and the Prevailing Winds over the Globe, for the Months and for the Year. Part II

1869 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Buchan
Keyword(s):  
Approximate Solution ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Physical Problem ◽  
The West ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Mean Pressure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Parts

Charts, showing by Isobaric Lines the mean pressure of the atmosphere over the globe during the months of the year, may be justly regarded as furnishing the key to all questions of meteorological inquiry; for without the information conveyed by such charts it is impossible to discuss satisfactorily those questions which relate to prevailing winds, the varying temperature, and the rainfall throughout the year in the different countries of the world. It is to meet this desideratum that the Charts of Mean Atmospheric Pressure of the globe which are given with this paper are offered as the first approximate solution of this great physical problem.Since Part I. was read in March 1868, valuable additional information has been obtained from Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Africa, South America, the west coast of North America, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, and from several isolated stations in different parts of Europe and Asia. The period for the British Islands and a large portion of Europe has been extended so as to include the eleven years from 1857 to 1867.

The Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere, and the Prevailing Winds for the Months and for the Year. Part II

1869 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 523-524
Author(s):  
Alexander Buchan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
West Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Mean Pressure ◽  
The Mean

In Part I., read 16th March 1868, in which was discussed the Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere over the Globe for July, January, and the year, the method by which the Isobaric Charts were constructed was detailed at length. Since March 1868, valuable additional information has been obtained from Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Africa, South America, the west coast of North America, Iceland, and from a few isolated stations in Europe and Asia. The period for the British Islands has been extended so as to include the eleven years from 1857 to 1867.

scholarly journals INDONESIA'S POSITION BASED ON THE AUSTRALIAN ASEAN NEW ZEALAND FREE TRADE AGREEMENT AND ITS IMPACT FROM A BUSINESS LAW PERSPECTIVE

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Ariawan Gunadi
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Business Law ◽  
Business Partner ◽  
The West ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
The World

AbstractIndonesia as one of the major countries in South East Asia acts as aprominent business center between the East and the West. Business activitiessoon attract the attention of other countries in similar geography to share thewealth such as Malaysia, Filipina, Myanmar, Cambodia, Singapore,Vietnam, Thai/and, Laos, Myanmar and Brunei Darussalam. However, theinternational society would have to face the import taxes that impedesf oreign goods from flowing into state member' market. Australia and NewZealand as a fellow business partner then proposes the Australian AseanNew Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA) to the Association of SouthEast Asian Nations (ASEAN) that allows members to conduct free tradeamong them in almost every sector, including goods, services, investment,intellectual property and new issues (Singapore Issues). However theagreement is suspected by some parties to condone a subtle form of liberaleconomy that may allow Australia and New Zealand to influence the nationaleconomy of the weaker state, not mentioning endangering ASEAN'bargaining position in the World Trade Organization. This article attemptsto explain the position of Indonesia 's economic sovereignty by signing theAANZFTA which imposes several clauses affecting the economic activity andhow will the agreement bring impact to Indonesia 's national economy offrom a business law perspective.

Static mechanics of the velopharynx of patients with obstructive sleep apnea

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Isono ◽  
D. L. Morrison ◽  
S. H. Launois ◽  
T. R. Feroah ◽  
W. A. Whitelaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Pressure Area ◽  
Mean Pressure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Closing Pressure ◽  
Single Exponential

The static mechanics of the hypotonic pharynx were endoscopically evaluated in nine sleeping patients with obstructive sleep apnea, having a primary narrowing only at the velopharynx. The velopharynx closed completely at a mean pressure of 0.18 +/- 1.21 cmH2O, and the mean half-dilation pressure was 1.93 cmH2O above closing pressure. The dependence of area on pressure was distinctly curvilinear, being steep near closing pressure and asymptotically approaching maximum area (mean = 1.32 cm2). The data for each patient were satisfactorily fitted by an exponential function (mean R2 = 0.98), and a single exponential relationship usefully represented the dependence of relative area on pressure above closing pressure for the population (R2 = 0.85). During the test inspiration, flow limitation was consistently observed when mask pressure exceeded closing pressure by 0.5–3.0 cmH2O. In summary, the static mechanics of the hypotonic velopharynx of patients with obstructive sleep apnea can be described by an exponential pressure-area relationship, with a closing pressure near atmospheric pressure and a high compliance in the range of airway pressure 0–3 cmH2O above closing pressure.

STUDIES ON CLOVER YELLOW MOSAIC AND WHITE CLOVER MOSAIC VIRUSES

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pratt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Western North America ◽  
The World ◽  
Cross Absorption ◽  
Differential Hosts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Parts

Two viruses, clover yellow mosaic (CYMV) and white clover mosaic (WCMV), were separated from mixed natural infections of various clovers by inoculation of differential hosts. The host reactions of four CYMV and two WCMV isolates were studied in detail. Precipitin tests showed that the two viruses are not related serologically. In cross-absorption tests different host reactions characterizing individual CYMV isolates were reflected in serological interactions; with WCMV isolates the relationship was less clearly defined. A comparison of isolates from different parts of the world by serological methods showed that CYMV is common in western North America, while WCMV occurs in Europe, North America, and New Zealand. Pea mottle and pea wilt viruses may be equated with CYMV and WCMV respectively.

scholarly journals Comparative study on long term climate data sources over South Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 504-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Ik Kim ◽  
Dawei Han
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
The World ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Global Datasets ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract Long term climate data are vitally important in reliably assessing water resources and water related hazards, but in-situ observations are generally sparse in space and limited in time. Although there are several global datasets available as substitutes, there is a lack of comparative studies about their suitability in different parts of the world. In this study, to find out the reliable century-long climate dataset in South Korea, we first evaluate multi-decadal reanalyses (ERA-20 cm, ERA-20c, ERA-40 and NOAA 20th century reanalysis (20CR)) and gridded observations (CRUv3.23 and GPCCv7) for monthly mean precipitation and temperature. In the temporal and statistical comparisons, CRUv3.23 and GPCCv7 for precipitation and ERA-40 for temperature perform the best, and ERA-20c and 20CR also indicate meaningful agreements. For ERA-20 cm, it has only a statistical agreement, but the mean has the difficulty in representing its ensemble. This paper also shows that the applicability of each dataset may vary by region and all products should be locally adjusted before being applied in climate impact assessments. These findings not only help to fill in the knowledge gaps about these datasets in South Korea but also provide a useful guideline for the applicability of the global datasets in different parts of the world.

scholarly journals The Dwindling Glaciers of the Upper Rakaia Valley, Canterbury, New Zealand

1951 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 504-507
Author(s):  
Maxwell Gage
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The West ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

AbstractThese glaciers are in a district that was seldom visited before the great expansion of recreational tramping and mountaineering in New Zealand during the past twenty years, but the record extends back for eighty-five years. During this time the chief glaciers have receded considerably but irregularly, and for one of them the records indicate a vertical downwasting and thinning. Although this glacier shows no sign yet of recovery it is fed from the same snowfield as that which supplies another glacier descending west from the main divide and which may have begun to advance. An appreciable re-advance of the Franz Josef Glacier has already been given notice in the, Journal of Glaciology, and it may be that the steep gradients of the west-flowing glaciers of the Southern Alps enable them to respond to short-term climatic fluctuations, whereas the flatter east-flowing streams continue to shrink, in keeping with the world-wide trend.

1. The Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere over the Globe for the Months and for the Year. Part I.—January, July, and the Year

1869 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Buchan
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
South America ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Antarctic Ocean ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Mean Pressure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Russian Empire

The three charts which were exhibited, showing, by isobarometric lines, the mean atmospheric pressure over the globe, during January, July, and the year, were constructed from observations made at 358 places thus distributed over the earth,—167 in Europe; 51 in Asia; 22 in Africa and adjoining islands; 35 in South America, West Indian Islands, and Atlantic; 63 in North America; and 20 in Australasia and Antarctic Ocean. Of the European stations, 12 are in Scotland, 14 in England, 27 in Austria, 12 in Italy, 10 in France, 10 in the Netherlands, 9 in Norway, and 57 in the Russian empire, &c. The list might have been largely increased; thus a larger number might have been given from the 80 Scottish stations; but the 12 given were judged sufficient to represent the mean atmospheric pressure of this country.

scholarly journals III. On the annual variation of the magnetic declination

1874 ◽  
Vol 22 (148-155) ◽  
pp. 254-258
Keyword(s):  
Annual Variation ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Magnetic Declination ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Magnetic Needle ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Made In

The first observations which seemed to show that the mean position of the declination-needle followed an annual law were those of Cassini, made, more than eighty years ago, in the hall of the Paris Observatory and in the caves below it (90 feet under ground). It cannot be said, however, that Cassini’s result has been confirmed by subsequent observations, either as regards the direction or amounts of movement from month to month. The extensive series of observations made in different parts of the world in modern times have given results so different that we must conclude either that the magnetic needle obeys different annual laws at each place, or that the differences are due to instrumental errors. The consequence has been that, after long, laborious, and expensive researches, it is still a question whether the magnetic needle obeys an annual law or not.

scholarly journals Introduction to the Special Issue: The multiple births of International Relations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Vineet Thakur ◽  
Karen Smith
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The West ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Disciplinary History ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract Disciplinary histories are, by default, complicit in the production of subjective memories as truth. This Special Issue builds on the existing scholarship on rethinking IR's disciplinary history by expanding its geographical focus beyond the West, and explores how IR came to define itself as a self-contained body of knowledge that is distinct from other fields of study in different parts of the world. These alternative histories enable us to appreciate that the development of IR as a global discipline was only possible through a transnational circulation of key ideas such as sovereignty, empire, Commonwealth and, especially, competing notions of the ‘international’. In addition, they bring attention to the purpose of knowledge and the politics of its production, and allow for both democratisation as well as discursive plurality.

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