Multitudes are adaptable magnitudes in the estimation of number

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank H. Durgin
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Visual Adaptation ◽  
Number Comparison ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Number Perception ◽  
Visual Number

AbstractVisual number comparison does not require participants to choose a unit, whereas units are fundamental to the definition of number. Studies using magnitude estimation rather than comparison show that number perception is compressed dramatically past about 20 units. Even estimates of 5–20 items are increasingly susceptible to effects of visual adaptation, suggesting a rather narrow range in which subitizing-like categorization processes blend into greater reliance on adaptable magnitude information.

Psychophysical Relationships Between Perceived Sweetness and Color in Cherry-Flavored Beverages

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 601-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. JOHNSON ◽  
E. DZENDOLET ◽  
R. DAMON ◽  
M. SAWYER ◽  
F. M. CLYDESDALE
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Recording Spectrophotometer ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Power Function Exponent

Sweetness of cherry-flavored and colored beverages, containing 3.2 to 4.8% sucrose, was quantified by a panel of 10 men and women, ages 22–50, using magnitude estimation. Five intensities of cherry colors were formulated using increasing volumes of Red 40 and a constant volume of both Blue 1 and imitation cherry flavoring. Color measurements from the Gardner XL-23 Colorimeter and the G. E. Recording Spectrophotometer were converted to L*, a* and b*. Sweetness was evaluated against sucrose concentration and arctan (a*/b*). Magnitude tests to evaluate color acceptability and pleasantness were also conducted. All magnitude estimates were normalized and subjected to a two-way ANOVA. Sweetness perception was highly correlated with increasing sucrose concentration (r2> .90), producing a power function exponent of 1.98. Sweetness increased approximately 3 to 13% with increasing color intensity in solutions containing 3.96 to 4.4% sucrose. The exponent describing the sweetness-color relationship was less than 1.0, and followed the power law over a narrow range of color intensities. Color 4 was the most acceptable color and color 3 containing 4.6% sucrose had the most pleasant taste. Color might be used to replace some sucrose and can optimize pleasurable taste sensations.

scholarly journals Visual number sense in untrained deep neural networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. eabd6127
Author(s):  
Gwangsu Kim ◽  
Jaeson Jang ◽  
Seungdae Baek ◽  
Min Song ◽  
Se-Bum Paik
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Deep Neural Network ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Number Sense ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Number Comparison ◽  
Ventral Visual Stream ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Visual Number

Number sense, the ability to estimate numerosity, is observed in naïve animals, but how this cognitive function emerges in the brain remains unclear. Here, using an artificial deep neural network that models the ventral visual stream of the brain, we show that number-selective neurons can arise spontaneously, even in the complete absence of learning. We also show that the responses of these neurons can induce the abstract number sense, the ability to discriminate numerosity independent of low-level visual cues. We found number tuning in a randomly initialized network originating from a combination of monotonically decreasing and increasing neuronal activities, which emerges spontaneously from the statistical properties of bottom-up projections. We confirmed that the responses of these number-selective neurons show the single- and multineuron characteristics observed in the brain and enable the network to perform number comparison tasks. These findings provide insight into the origin of innate cognitive functions.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Place Value System on Symbolic Number Perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Oberholzer ◽  
Marcus Lindskog ◽  
Benjamin Scheibehenne
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Place Value ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Value System ◽  
Number Perception ◽  
Symbolic Number ◽  
Function Shape

Past research on numerical cognition has suggested that both symbolic and non-symbolic numbers are mapped onto the same compressed mental analogue representation. However, experiments using magnitude estimation tasks show logarithmic compression of symbolic numbers while the compression of non-symbolic numbers has a power-function shape. This warrants closer inspection of what differentiates the two processes. In this study, we hypothesized that estimates of symbolic numbers are systematically shaped by the format in which they are represented, namely, the place value system. To investigate this, we tested adults (N = 188) on a magnitude estimation task with unfamiliar base-26 and base-5 scales. Results reveal that adults showed systematic, logarithmic-looking underestimation on both scales, indicating that the place value system itself can cause the pattern. Additionally, the observed shape of participants’ estimates on both scales could be well explained with a simple model that assumed insufficient understanding of exponential growth (i.e., a characteristic of place value systems). Taken together, our results suggest that the discrepancy between symbolic and non-symbolic number compression can be explained by taking the effect of the place value system into account.

Interactivity Effects on Single-Handed Interaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Donghee Shin ◽  
Park Beede ◽  
Mohammed Ibahrine ◽  
Bouziane Zaid
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Interaction Techniques ◽  
Thumb Movement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Perceived Interactivity ◽  
Definition Of

The goal of this study was to examine the effects of interaction techniques (e.g., swiping and tapping) and the range of thumb movements on interactivity, engagement, attitude, and behavioral intention in single-handed interaction by focusing on interactions with mobile devices such as smartphones. This study adopted the perspective of the hybrid definition of interactivity, which includes the interactivity effect outcomes mediated by perceived interactivity. A 2 (technological features: swiping and tapping) × 2 (range of thumb movement: wide and narrow) between-participant experiment was conducted. The results showed the ranges of thumb movement to have significant effects on perceived interactivity, engagement, attitude, and behavioral intention, whereas no effects were observed for interaction techniques. A narrow range of thumb movement had more influence on the interactivity outcomes, rather than a wide range of thumb movement. The implications of the finding were discussed.

scholarly journals A Pilot Study: Designing and Testing the Task Parameters

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Meltem Ballan
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Digit Number ◽  
Number Comparison ◽  
Quantity Judgments ◽  
Number Perception ◽  
Task Parameters

The aim of this pilot study was to test the validity, efficiency and measurements of a two-digit number comparison study. Number perception, its neural basis and its relationship to how numerical stimuli are presented have been challenging research topics in cognitive neuroscience for many years. A primary question that has been addressed is whether the perception of the quantity of a visually presented number stimulus is dissociable from its early visual perception. The present study examined the possible influence of visual quality judgment on quantity judgments of numbers. To address this issue, a two-digit number comparison task was developed. We suggest that the design parameters affect the accuracy of the results.

scholarly journals Assessing the effectiveness of foreign economic activities management on the basis of target indicators

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
Olha Melnyk ◽  
◽  
Khrystyna Peredalo ◽  
Yuliana Horoshko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Activity Management ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Structured System ◽  
Definition Of

The concepts of "effect", "efficiency" and "effectiveness" were considered. It is noted that efficiency is a broader concept because it does not take into account the achievement of individual results, in contrast to the concept of "effectiveness". The main key groups of indicators that are most often used in assessing the effectiveness of foreign economic activity management are presented. The main problems related to the evaluation of the effectiveness of foreign economic activity management were listed including lack of a clearly structured system of targets; inefficiency of the formed evaluation model procedure; a narrow range of target indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of foreign economic activity that does not allow a multifaceted assessment of the results of its implementation. Such disadvantages in the management system often lead to problems with the definition of priority areas of foreign economic activity, objective assessment of cost, setting relevant goals, etc. Based on the studies of both scientific sources and practitioners, using methods of comparison, generalization, questionnaires, etc., the stages of evaluating the effectiveness of foreign economic activity management are based on targets, which are combined in three blocks: preparatory, technological and analytical. The principles of evaluating the effectiveness of foreign economic activity management were proposed, such as objectivity, systematization, complexity, constructiveness, continuity. A system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of foreign economic activity management was recommended for import-oriented enterprises. And although the above list is known, but their systematic presentation allowed the management of enterprises to select the most appropriate indicators for them, through which they create quality management and effective management decisions for the development of foreign economic activity.

Psychophysical Judgment of Curvatures

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Salvadori ◽  
Riccardo Luccio
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Psychophysical Judgment ◽  
Families Of Curves ◽  
Rigorous Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
Cubic Function ◽  
Circle Tangent

In this study we explored psychophysical judgments (magnitude estimation) of the curvature of visual lines. Prior research has lacked a rigorous definition of curvature, but here it was defined as the reverse of the ray of the osculating circle tangent to the curve in the given point. Four different functions were evaluated: hyperbole, sinusoid, parabola, and a cubic function. Using the method of magnitude estimation to judge 20 exemplar curves from each of the families, three respondents made a total of 1440 estimations each. Responses to all four families of curves were fit well by Stevens' power function with an exponent less than 1. One application of this research is the use of such curves as variables in assessing illusions of curvature.

scholarly journals Fair assessment of the merits of psychiatric research

2007 ◽  
Vol 190 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Lewison ◽  
Graham Thornicroft ◽  
George Szmukler ◽  
Michele Tansella
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Selection Of

BackgroundUse of bibliometric assessments of research quality is growing worldwide. So far, a narrow range of metrics have been applied across the whole of biomedical research. Without specific sets of metrics, appropriate to each sub-field of research, biased assessments of research excellence are possible.AimsTo discuss the measures used to evaluate the merits of psychiatric biomedical research, and to propose a new approach using a multidimensional selection of metrics appropriate to each particular field of medical research.MethodThree steps: (a) a definition of scientific ‘domains', (b) translating these into ‘filters' to identify publications from bibliometric databases, leading to (c) the creation of standardised measures of merit.ResultsWe propose using: (a) established metrics such as impact factor: and citation indices, (b) new derived measures such as the ‘worldscale’ score, and (c) new indicators based on journal peer esteem, impact on clinical practice, medical education and health policy.ConclusionsNo single index or metric can be used as a fair rating to compare nations, universities, research groups, or individual investigators across biomedical science. Rather, we propose using a multidimensional profile composed of a carefully selected array of such metrics.

Introductory paper

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
W. W. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Line Intensity ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spectral Classification ◽  
Dimensional Array ◽  
Rr Lyrae ◽  
Metallic Line ◽  
Introductory Paper ◽  
Parameter Varying ◽  
Definition Of

1. The definition of “normal” stars in spectral classification changes with time; at the time of the publication of theYerkes Spectral Atlasthe term “normal” was applied to stars whose spectra could be fitted smoothly into a two-dimensional array. Thus, at that time, weak-lined spectra (RR Lyrae and HD 140283) would have been considered peculiar. At the present time we would tend to classify such spectra as “normal”—in a more complicated classification scheme which would have a parameter varying with metallic-line intensity within a specific spectral subdivision.

2.2. Working Group 2: Conceptual Definitions of Reference Coordinate Systems for Earth Dynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Working Group ◽  
General Character ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Reference Coordinate System ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Earth Dynamics

An ideal definition of a reference coordinate system should meet the following general requirements:1. It should be as conceptually simple as possible, so its philosophy is well understood by the users.2. It should imply as few physical assumptions as possible. Wherever they are necessary, such assumptions should be of a very general character and, in particular, they should not be dependent upon astronomical and geophysical detailed theories.3. It should suggest a materialization that is dynamically stable and is accessible to observations with the required accuracy.

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