Making light of keeping color categories in the dark: Some arguments against Saunders and van Brakel's notions of trivial constraints in color nomenclature

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
James Stanlaw
Keyword(s):  
Color Naming ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Color Categories ◽  
The World ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
Cultural Dominance

Saunders & van Brakel prematurely reject the idea of nontrivial constraints in color nomenclature. Their claim that the universality of color naming is caused by Western contact and cultural dominance is inadequate because of the great variety of terminology systems still found in the world. The complex interactions of hue, brightness, and saturation can be studied rigorously. If we discard the standard models of color nomenclature because of some discrepancies and anomalies, we will not be able to explain the vast array of remaining data that is consistent with current theories.

From Color Naming to a Language Space: An Analysis of Data from the World Color Survey

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bimler
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Consensus ◽  
Quantitative Index ◽  
Stimulus Set ◽  
Color Categories ◽  
The World ◽  
Standard Set ◽  
Linguistic Evolution

AbstractThe World Color Survey was a large-scale cross-cultural experiment in which informants used the color lexicons of 110 non-written languages to label a standard set of stimuli. Here those data are explored with a novel analysis which focuses on the averaged location of boundaries within the stimulus set, revealing the system of color categories native to each language. A quantitative index of inter-language similarity was defined, comparing these average boundaries. Analyzing the similarities among color-naming patterns led to a 'language space', in which languages are grouped into clusters according to linguistic families (i.e., descent from common ancestors). This implies that each language's departures from the cross-cultural consensus about color categories are systematic (non-random). Given the non-unanimity about the color lexicon within languages, the persistence of these language families across the course of linguistic evolution is paradoxical.

scholarly journals Climate drivers of plague epidemiology in British India, 1898–1949

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1928) ◽  
pp. 20200538
Author(s):  
Warren S. D. Tennant ◽  
Mike J. Tildesley ◽  
Simon E. F. Spencer ◽  
Matt J. Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
British India ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The World ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis infection, continues to threaten low- and middle-income countries throughout the world. The complex interactions between rodents and fleas with their respective environments challenge our understanding of human plague epidemiology. Historical long-term datasets of reported plague cases offer a unique opportunity to elucidate the effects of climate on plague outbreaks in detail. Here, we analyse monthly plague deaths and climate data from 25 provinces in British India from 1898 to 1949 to generate insights into the influence of temperature, rainfall and humidity on the occurrence, severity and timing of plague outbreaks. We find that moderate relative humidity levels of between 60% and 80% were strongly associated with outbreaks. Using wavelet analysis, we determine that the nationwide spread of plague was driven by changes in humidity, where, on average, a one-month delay in the onset of rising humidity translated into a one-month delay in the timing of plague outbreaks. This work can inform modern spatio-temporal predictive models for the disease and aid in the development of early-warning strategies for the deployment of prophylactic treatments and other control measures.

scholarly journals The Extension of Cultural Dominance in Iran with the Establishment of New Schools in Ghajar Period

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Mohammad Piri
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Religious Schools ◽  
New Schools ◽  
Social Crisis ◽  
Trend Study ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Dominance ◽  
Different Parts

<p class="apa">Since the beginning of 19th century, England for political reasons tried to make relations with Iran. Englishmen besides political tricks tried to establish their trace in Iran society by cultural permeation. European religious commissions who proceeded in different parts of the world since 19th century, though apparently had religious motivations, but they actually became grader of colonization. The aim of this text is to determine quality of establishing such schools and their function in extension of England s permeation which is performed with trend study and documentary methods and by using the content of itineraries, memories and other firsthand resources. This study showed: religious schools were a way of cultural permeation of England in Iran in Ghajar period. These schools not only by training Iranian teenagers in western method made them strange with their national culture and in some cases utilized graduates of these schools for their own objectives, but also, sometimes in competition with each other effected on creating social crisis.</p>

The Semantic Web and Its Entanglements

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Mccarthy
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Semantic Web ◽  
Linked Data ◽  
Practice Theory ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Assemblage Theory ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Web

The web of linked data, otherwise known as the semantic web, is a system in which information is structured and interlinked to provide meaningful content to artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. As the complex interactions between digital personae and these algorithms mediate access to information, it becomes necessary to understand how these classification and knowledge systems are developed. What are the processes by which those systems come to represent the world, and how are the controversies that arise in their creation, overcome? As a global form, the semantic web is an assemblage of many interlinked classification and knowledge systems, which are themselves assemblages. Through the perspectives of global assemblage theory, critical code studies and practice theory, I analyse netnographic data of one such assemblage. Schema.org is but one component of the larger global assemblage of the semantic web, and as such is an emergent articulation of different knowledges, interests and networks of actors. This articulation comes together to tame the profusion of things, seeking stability in representation, but in the process, it faces and produces more instability. Furthermore, this production of instability contributes to the emergence of new assemblages that have similar aims.

Sorting Out the Plague

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-111
Author(s):  
Robert N. Wiedenmann ◽  
J. Ray Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
The Third ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Disease Reservoirs ◽  
The Way

This chapter explores the complex interactions among mammal hosts, insect vectors, bacteria and even amoebae implicated in the movement of the plague around the world. As it shows, trying to find the cause for the three plague pandemics is similar to the way a television detective solves a murder mystery. While the third pandemic established the roles of rats, rat fleas, and bacteria, that explanation has been incorrectly applied to explain the first two pandemics. The chapter shows how bacterial DNA collected from the teeth of 6th-Century plague victims, exhumed 1,400 years later, established greater understanding of the rate and geographic extent of the plague's spread. It goes on to relate how the age-old conclusions that brown rats were disease reservoirs and their fleas were vectors have been reconsidered, assigning rats and fleas specific roles and recognizing that humans and human lice as host and vector are more consistent with the plague’s rapid spread. Using clues from hosts and vectors to solve the mystery requires investigators to be like detectives.

Animal Labour in a Post-Work Society

Animal Labour ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 207-228
Author(s):  
Sue Donaldson ◽  
Will Kymlicka
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Development Status ◽  
Wage Labour ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Self Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Work World ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
Individual Security

Labour has been associated historically with a cluster of values, including individual security, self-development and freedom, social standing and recognition, and meaning. Insofar as these values are also relevant to animals, this suggests that we should seek to include animals into the world of labour. We should recognize that animals, as well as humans, are workers, and deserve access to the security, self-development, status, community, and purpose wrapped up in the role of being a worker. The reality, however, is that work life fails to deliver many of these goods, much of the time, for many people. Moreover, given technological development, there is no necessity for everyone to be a producer, and indeed the cultural expectation that everyone should be ‘productive’ is culturally pernicious and environmentally unsustainable. As a result, we see increasing discussion of a ‘post-work’ society. This chapter explores how animals fit into the emerging debate about the post-work society. It argues that animals can in fact be major beneficiaries of, and indeed exemplars of, this shift, engaging in socially beneficial activities that do not fit standard models of wage labour and economic production. Instead of bringing animals into our current work society, this chapter explores the possibility that animals could exemplify the ethics of a post-work world—one in which the values traditionally tied to ‘productive’ work are instead realized through new conceptions of community—being, doing, and taking care together.

scholarly journals variations in color naming within and across populations

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
michael a. webster ◽  
paul kay
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Color Categories

the simulations of steels & belpaeme (s&b) suggest that communication could lead to color categories that are closely shared within a language and potentially diverge across languages. we argue that this is opposite of the patterns that are actually observed in empirical studies of color naming. focal color choices more often exhibit strong concordance across languages while also showing pronounced variability within any language.

Bioinspired synthesis of silica nanocups - Polymer-mediated self-assembly of inorganic nanoparticles

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
Ayae Sugawara-Narutaki
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Materials Chemistry ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Bioinspired Synthesis ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Related

Nature oversees a vast array of amazing shapes formed by organisms such as plants, fungi and animals. Some of these manifest as intricate patterns in structures like coral and the nests of insects and birds. Associate Professor Ayae Sugawara-Narutaki, from the Department of Materials Chemistry at Nagoya University, Japan has a particular interest in these patterns. Sugawara-Narutaki's team focuses on research inspired by these self-organised nanostructures to develop nanomaterials for a variety of health-related applications. The ability of these nanomaterials to self-assemble and self-organise in a liquid phase has attracted a great deal of interest from materials scientists the world over.

Science ≠ imperialism: There are nontrivial constraints on color naming

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Kay ◽  
Brent Berlin
Keyword(s):  
Color Naming ◽  
The World ◽  
Color Categorization

Saunders & van Brakel's claim that Berlin and Kay (1969) assumed a language/vision correlation in the area of color categorization and disguised this assumption as a finding is shown to be false. The methodology of the World Color Survey, now nearing completion, is discussed and the possibility of an additional language/vision correlation in color categorization is suggested.

scholarly journals Ernest Armstrong McCulloch. 21 April 1926—20 January 2011

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 317-339
Author(s):  
Tak Wah Mak
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Blood Disorders ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Cellular Physiology ◽  
Haematopoietic Cells ◽  
The World ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Dual Capacity

Ernest Armstrong McCulloch was half of the brilliant partnership that discovered haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and changed how we think about human tissue generation and regeneration. Based at the Ontario Cancer Institute (now the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre) in Toronto, the haematologist ‘Bun’ McCulloch, together with James E. Till, a physicist with a steel-trap mind, exercised their penchant for adventurous ‘big picture’ thinking in devising experiments to identify stem cells. This exceptional team was the first to demonstrate that HSCs have the dual capacity to self-renew and to differentiate into a vast array of mature haematopoietic cells. Their trainees, as well as investigators elsewhere, built on McCulloch and Till's findings not only to isolate and characterize HSCs and progenitors derived from them, but also to devise therapies for certain blood disorders. Later in his career, Ernest focused on characterizing the malignant cells of human leukaemias and determining the effects of various drugs on leukaemic cell growth. The implications of Till and McCulloch's work continue to be profound and underpin many significant breakthroughs in our knowledge of normal cellular physiology, pathophysiology, tumorigenesis and tissue transplantation. Indeed, regenerative medicine owes its very existence to the stem cell discoveries of McCulloch, Till and others. At times eccentric and demanding, but always well spoken, incisive and erudite, Ernest personified the outstanding research scientist cloaked in Canadian modesty. His legacy lives on in the bright therapeutic future emerging from the rigorous stem cell research being conducted in Canada and around the world.

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