Etiological classification and the acquisition and structure of knowledge

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Ghiselin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Kinds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The One ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge

Millikan's account of how we acquire our most basic concepts might be clarified by a better ontological taxonomy, especially one that distinguishes between natural kinds on the one hand and wholes composed of parts on the other. The two have a different causal basis, which is important because once classification goes beyond the stage of naive induction, it becomes fundamentally etiological.

The metalanguage of localization

Target ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Translation Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Discussion ◽  
Translation Practice ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The One

In recent years localization has become a popular concept in both translation practice and theory. It has developed a language of its own, which, however, still seems to be little known among translation scholars. What is more, being primarily an industry-based discourse, the terms related to localization are very fluid, which makes theorizing about it difficult. Therefore, the aim of this article is, first of all, to explain the basic terms of the metalanguage of localization, as they are used by both localization practitioners and scholars, and, secondly, to make this metalanguage more consistent by proposing some general definitions that cover the basic concepts in localization. This, in turn, should, on the one hand, facilitate scholar-to-practitioner communication and vice versa and, on the other, should result in concept standardization for training purposes. In the conclusions I link the present discussion of the metalanguage of localization to a more general debate on metalanguage(s) in Translation Studies and propose that in the future we might witness the emergence of a new discipline called Localization Studies.

Introducing Morphology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochelle Lieber
Keyword(s):  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Morphological Theory ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The One

A lively introduction to morphology, this textbook is intended for undergraduates with relatively little background in linguistics. It shows students how to find and analyze morphological data and presents them with basic concepts and terminology concerning the mental lexicon, inflection, derivation, morphological typology, productivity, and the interfaces between morphology and syntax on the one hand and phonology on the other. By the end of the text students are ready to understand morphological theory and how to support or refute theoretical proposals. Providing data from a wide variety of languages, the text includes hands-on activities designed to encourage students to gather and analyse their own data. The third edition has been thoroughly updated with new examples and exercises. Chapter 2 now includes an updated detailed introduction to using linguistic corpora, and there is a new final chapter covering several current theoretical frameworks.

scholarly journals Heidegger's concept of 'Being-There' and fundamental concepts of traditional ontology

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-291
Author(s):  
Milotka Molnar-Sivc
Keyword(s):  
Decisive Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Being And Time ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Fundamental Ontology ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Being There ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Although the question of relationship between basic concepts of traditional ontology and central concepts of fundamental ontology is not a topic which is systematically dealt with in Being and Time, it is obvious that some of the theses which are crucial not only for Heidegger's interpretation of philosophical tradition, but also for the whole project of fundamental ontology, concern this 'conceptual scheme'. In fact, the backbone of Heidegger's critical confrontation with dominant philosophical conceptions is the question of relationship between the concept of 'substance' and the concept of 'Being', i.e. the discussion of philosophical doctrines in which 'Being' is reduced to 'substance'. Besides this context, which concerns the ontological problematics in the strict sense, it is possible to show that the refutation of the basic categories of traditional ontology is an issue which has a decisive role in more concrete phases of the realization of the project of fundamental ontology. This is especially confirmed in Heidegger's discussion of the concept of 'Being-There'. The interpretation of Heidegger's treatment of the relationship between the concepts of 'Being-there', 'existence' and 'existentials' on the one hand, and the concepts of 'substance', 'essence' and 'categories' on the other, shows that one of Heidegger's basic theses is that a transformation of concepts of traditional ontology is necessary for an appropriate understanding of human being.

scholarly journals The Divine-Human Unity in the Context of the Hasidic Doctrine of the Tsaddik’s Power

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 100-124
Author(s):  
Igor Turov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spiritual Practice ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Equal Footing ◽  
Concepts Of God ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The One

For the founders of Hasidism, its fundamental principle is a spiritual practice that ensures an unceasing connection between the believer and his Creator. This doctrine is not purely theological: it serves as a rationale behind the societal hierarchy proposed by the Hasidim. The leader, having achieved the highest point of unity with the Lord, sets a pattern to be followed by the community members in their relationship with him as the one who rules over them, thus justifying the all-encompassing power of the Tsaddiks. The paper discusses three basic concepts of God-man unity. The essence of the first is the perception of the believer as immersing himself in the deity and dissolving there like a water drop in an ocean. The other two envision the unity as a peculiar interpersonal communication. The paper argues that within the Hasidic doctrine all three concepts are on an equal footing and shows the principles of their coexistence.

The sense and the meaning of cultural-historical theory of L. S. Vygotsky

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Elena Kravtsova
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Projective Method ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
Modern Psychology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Theory

L. S. Vygotsky’s principal idea, lying in the base of cultural-historical theory, is the primacy of sense over meaning. There are serious reasons to believe that this part of cultural-historical theory was not completely understood both by his disciples and his opponents. That’s why many Vygotsky’s conclusions and discoveries remained untapped. while others were implemented in science and practice quite di˙erently from what he suggested. Vygotsky once wrote that features of the particular science deeply related to its method. That’s why he introduced the experimental-genetic method (projective method in modern psychology), which allows modeling the processes of development. One of the basic concepts of cultural-historical theory is the concept of “cultural de-velopment”. A Cultural person, for Vygotsky, is the person, who can control not only their own behavior and actions but also their own psychic processes. On the one hand, modern psychology doesn’t deny the role of volition in child’s development. But on the other hand, the volition itself is typically understood as one’s ability to submit to laws and rules. More than that – it’s rather easy to create conditions where a person will submit to laws and rules, but it doesn’t develop his ability to control himself. In Vygotsky’s opinion, there are natural psychic functions, which in the process of learning transform into cultural ones. In this context, the main goal of learning is to create conditions for developing person’s ability to be the subject of his own behavior, activity and psychic.

scholarly journals Reasoning About Typicality and Probabilities in Preferential Description Logics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Giordano ◽  
Valentina Gliozzi ◽  
Antonio Lieto ◽  
Nicola Olivetti ◽  
Gian Luca Pozzato
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Minimal Model ◽  
Description Logics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rational Closure ◽  
Preferential Semantics ◽  
Concept Combination ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The One ◽  
Property Inheritance

In this work we describe preferential Description Logics of typicality, a nonmonotonic extension of standard Description Logics by means of a typicality operator T allowing to extend a knowledge base with inclusions of the form T(C) ⊑ D, whose intuitive meaning is that “normally/typically Cs are also Ds”. This extension is based on a minimal model semantics corresponding to a notion of rational closure, built upon preferential models. We recall the basic concepts underlying preferential Description Logics. We also present two extensions of the preferential semantics: on the one hand, we consider probabilistic extensions, based on a distributed semantics that is suitable for tackling the problem of commonsense concept combination, on the other hand, we consider other strengthening of the rational closure semantics and construction to avoid the so called “blocking of property inheritance problem”.

Möchte Chomsky erklären, was Wittgenstein beschreibt?

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-123
Author(s):  
Melanie Uth
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Philosophical Investigations ◽  
Complementary Distribution ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Theory Of Meaning ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The One ◽  
Language Meaning

AbstractThis article examines the relation between the philosophy of language proposed by the later Wittgenstein in his Philosophical Investigations, and his ambition to cure philosophy from the mapping of linguistic expressions to extra-linguistic entities, on the one hand, and Chomsky's statements regarding language, meaning, and thought, and regarding the sense and non-sense of different fields of linguistic research, on the other. After a brief descriptive comparison of both approaches, it is argued that Chomsky's criticism on Wittgenstein's theory of meaning (Chomsky 1974 – 1996), or on Wittgenstein's basic concepts such as e. g. rule-following (Chomsky 2000 onwards), respectively, is (a) unwarranted and (b) caused by a fundamental misconception. Moreover, it is argued that the hypothesis evoked by Grewendorf (1985: 126), according to which „Chomsky would like to explain what Wittgenstein describes“, is misleading since the objects of investigation of Chomsky and Wittgenstein are in complementary distribution one to the other.

scholarly journals Metaphysics without Pre-Critical Monism: Hegel on Lower-Level Natural Kinds and the Structure of Reality

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 48-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Kreines
Keyword(s):  
Natural Kinds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
Similar Material ◽  
Normative Authority ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
The One ◽  
Complete Interpretation ◽  
Theoretical Philosophy

Recent debates about Hegel's theoretical philosophy are marked by a surprising lack of agreement, extending all the way down to the most basic question: what is Hegel talking about? On the one hand, proponents of ‘metaphysical’ interpretations generally read Hegel as aiming to articulate the overall structure or organisation of reality itself, and the nature of a highest or most fundamental being. Particularly influential is the idea that Hegel is reviving and modifying a form of Spinoza's metaphysical monism, according to which the organised whole of everything is the highest being, providing a ground or reason for everything real. On the other hand, proponents of ‘non-metaphysical’ interpretations argue Hegel's topic is something else entirely. The idea is that Hegel agrees with Kant in finding pre-critical forms of metaphysics to be uncritical or dogmatic. And the topic of Hegel's positive project is supposed to be not the nature of reality itself, nor any most fundamental being, but rather ‘forms of thought’ akin to Kant's categories and the objectivity, legitimacy, or normative authority of those forms of thought.This is of course only a rough sketch of the most basic recent debate, about which there is more to say than can fit in this paper. My focus here is on what Hegel has to say about nature and natural kinds, in ‘Observing Reason’ from the Phenomenology, and also in similar material from the Logic and Encyclopedia. I intend to argue that this material suggests a surprising way of stepping beyond the fundamental debate sketched above. There can of course be no question of elaborating and defending here a complete interpretation of Hegel's entire theoretical philosophy. I will have to restrict myself to arguing for the unlikely conclusion that there is an approach that can combine and integrate the strongest points made by both sides in the most basic debate shaping recent Hegel interpretation.

Preschool Children's Understanding of the Dichotomy between the Natural and the Artificial

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivera Petrovich
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Natural Kinds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Natural Categories ◽  
The One

The current study examined preschool children's understanding of the dichotomy between the natural and the artificial, i.e., a classification consisting of all natural kinds (both animate and inanimate) on the one hand, and of all artifacts on the other. Whilst previous research has studied children's differentiation of animate (i.e., animals, plants) from inanimate kinds (i.e., natural substances, artifacts) as well as animals from artifacts on the basis of the items' intrinsic structural and causal properties, no study has so far examined children's understanding of the dichotomy between natural and artificial kinds as a supraordinate conceptual division based on the items' extrinsic origin. Two experiments are reported which support the presence of a well-defined dichotomy in both preschool children and adults. That is, children in the current study have no difficulties understanding the contrast between natural and artificial as well-defined categories, unlike their counterparts in those studies which investigate the contrasts between different natural categories, on the one hand, and the single artificial category, on the other. The discrepancy between the present findings and the earlier research is explained in terms of children's greater familiarity with the criterion (extrinsic to the object) which underlies the dichotomy between the natural and the artificial than with criteria (intrinsic to the object) which underlie the less-inclusive divisions such as animate vs inanimate, and animal vs artifact.

scholarly journals CDESACL Conception and Development of Educational Scenarios for an Adaptive Online Training Device Based on Collaborative/Cooperative Learning: Work Methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zargane Kawtar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Online Training ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Training Device ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The objective of this work is twofold, on the one hand, it concerns the definition of the basic concepts of our theoretical framework which touches the adaptive e-learning, the pedagogical scenario, and collaborative/cooperative learning. On the other hand, it concerns the proposal of a work methodology to lead to the design and realization of educational scenarios based on collaboration for adaptive online training.

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