Second language reading research: Problems and possibilities

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Koda

ABSTRACTA major purpose of this article is to examine first language (L1) reading theories from second language (L2) perspectives and, in so doing, to uncover significant research voids related to L2 problems. The article first considers the unique aspects of L2 reading in order to identify dimensions in which its theory must differ from accepted L1 constructs. It then discusses three fundamental distinctions that separate L1 and L2 reading: (a) the consequences of prior reading experience; (b) the effects of crosslinguistic processing; and (c) the compensatory devices stemming from the efforts of learners with limited linguistic knowledge to solve comprehension problems. Finally, several pedagogically oriented research themes which may be helpful in evaluating the instructional utility of current L2 reading theories are delineated.

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emine Erktin ◽  
Ayse Akyel

Abstract Mathematics educators are concerned about students’ lack of ability to translate mathematical word problems into computable forms. Researchers argue that linguistic problems lie at the root of students’ difficulties with mathematical word problems. The issue becomes more complicated for bilingual students. It is argued that if students study mathematics in a second language they cannot be as successful as when they study in their first language. This study investigates the relationship between reading comprehension and performance on mathematics word problems in L1 and L2 for students learning English as a second language in a delayed partial immersion program. Data were collected from 250 Turkish students from Grade 8 of a private school in Istanbul through reading comprehension tests in L1 and L2 and an algebra word problems test prepared in L1 and L2. The results indicate a positive relationship between reading comprehension and mathematics performance. They also show that the students who participated in this study were not disadvantaged when they studied mathematics in English.


1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith E. Brisbois

This study builds upon previous research examining the relationship between first-language (L1) reading, second-language (L2) knowledge, and L2 reading. The unique contributions of L1 reading, L2 vocabulary, and L2 grammatical skill to L2 reading scores are investigated along with whether or not the contributions differ by course level. Subjects included 131 students (88 beginners and 43 upper level) enrolled in French at the U.S. Air Force Academy. Data were analyzed using multiple regression. Two programs were run for each subject group because L1 reading was measured using two different tests—recall protocols and the comprehension portion of the Nelson Denny Test. All of the independent variables contributed significantly for beginners, but did so for the upper level subjects only when L1 protocols were used as the reading measure. Typically, L1 reading contributed substantially, particularly for the upper level group, supporting Cummins's (1981) Hypothesis. This study demonstrates the importance of L1 reading and L2 knowledge to L2 reading comprehension.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Louise Busby

Metacognitive awareness is one of the key predictors of successful reading, in particular for second language and academic reading. This article presents a study that investigated Norwegian university students’ metacognitive awareness when reading academic texts in Norwegian (L1) and English (L2). 316 students answered a questionnaire which included a 30-item survey of reading strategies and self-ratings of reading proficiency in both languages. The analysis reveals a surprisingly similar awareness of reading strategies in L1 and L2. The main differences found were in the use of two specific reading strategies: reading more slowly and using resources such as dictionaries. Despite overall similarities in the approach to L1 and L2 reading, participants rated their own proficiency as much higher in L1 reading than L2. Regression models show significant associations between self-ratings of proficiency and the number and type of reading strategies reported, particularly in the L2, demonstrating that there is an important connection between these. Research on other populations has shown a much higher use of reading strategies in L2. However, the similarity in approaches to L1 and L2 reading among the university students in this study may reflect a higher level of L2 proficiency among these students, as well as high expectations of proficiency, meaning they do not feel a need to use reading strategies for decoding L2 text. Instead, these students may benefit from additional training in the use of higher level reading strategies to improve their comprehension of L2 academic texts.Keywords: metacognitive awareness, academic reading, L2 reading, English as a second language, reading strategiesSammenligning av første- og andrespråkslesing: bruk av metakognitive strategier blant norske universitetsstudenterSammendragMetakognitiv bevissthet er avgjørende for gode leseferdigheter, spesielt når det gjelder leseferdigheter i andrespråk og akademisk lesing. Denne artikkelen presenterer sentrale funn fra en studie som undersøkte norske universitetsstudenters metakognitive bevissthet ved lesing av akademiske tekster på norsk (L1) og engelsk (L2). 316 studenter ble bedt om å fylle ut et spørre-skjema med 30 spørsmål om lesestrategier, samt å vurdere egne leseferdigheter i begge språk. Deltakerne viser en overraskende lik bevissthet omkring bruken av lesestrategier i L1 og L2. De største forskjellene som ble funnet, angår bruken av to spesifikke lesestrategier: det å lese sakte og det å bruke ressurser som ordbøker. Til tross for generelle likheter i studentenes tilnærming til lesing i L1 og L2, vurderer deltakerne sine egne leseferdigheter som mye bedre i L1 enn i L2. Regresjonsmodeller viser signifikante sammenhenger mellom egenvurderingen av leseferdigheter og antall og type rapporterte lesestrategier, særlig i L2, noe som viser at det er en viktig relasjon mellom disse. Forskning på andre populasjoner har vist en mye høyere bruk av lesestrategier i L2. Likheten i tilnærminger til L1- og L2-lesing blant universitetsstudenter i denne studien kan indikere et høyere nivå av L2-leseferdighet blant disse studentene, samt høye forventede ferdigheter, noe som betyr at de ikke føler behov for å bruke lesestrategier for å dekode L2-tekst. I stedet kan disse studentene dra nytte av opplæring i bruk av lesestrategier på mer overordnet nivå for å forbedre forståelsen av L2 akademiske tekster.Nøkkelord: metakognitiv bevissthet, akademisk lesing, andrespråkslesing, engelsk som andrespråk, lesestrategier


1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret MacLean

Although both first and second language reading have been frequently explored, much of the research has tended to be product oriented and comparative in nature. That is, researchers have tended to focus on quantitative differences in reading comprehension test scores between groups of native and non-native speakers. Very few studies have examined how readers understand text in both their first and second languages. This paper presents results from a case study of a bilingual reader (French Ll/English L2) who read both easy and hard texts in her first and second language. Rational doze and introspection tasks were used to examine quantitative and qualitative differences in comprehension across languages. Results indicated that there were differences in the extent to which this reader successfully manipulated meaning especially at the whole text level. Implications of the rational doze procedure for diagnostic testing and teaching are discussed.


2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Upton ◽  
Li-Chun Lee-Thompson

Reading in a second language (L2) is not a monolingual event; L2 readers have access to their first language (L1) as they read, and many use it as a strategy to help comprehend an L2 text. Owing to difficulties in observing the comprehension process, little research has been conducted to determine what role the L1 plays in the reading strategies of L2 readers. Using think-aloud protocols and retrospective interviews with 20 native speakers of Chinese and Japanese at three levels of language proficiency studying in the United States, this study explores further the question of when L2 readers use their L1 cognitive resources and how this cognitive use of the L1 helps them comprehend an L2 text. We conclude by suggesting that the results support a sociocultural view of the L2 reading process.


Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Lisa Kornder ◽  
Ineke Mennen

The purpose of this investigation was to trace first (L1) and second language (L2) segmental speech development in the Austrian German–English late bilingual Arnold Schwarzenegger over a period of 40 years, which makes it the first study to examine a bilingual’s speech development over several decades in both their languages. To this end, acoustic measurements of voice onset time (VOT) durations of word-initial plosives (Study 1) and formant frequencies of the first and second formant of Austrian German and English monophthongs (Study 2) were conducted using speech samples collected from broadcast interviews. The results of Study 1 showed a merging of Schwarzenegger’s German and English voiceless plosives in his late productions as manifested in a significant lengthening of VOT duration in his German plosives, and a shortening of VOT duration in his English plosives, closer to L1 production norms. Similar findings were evidenced in Study 2, revealing that some of Schwarzenegger’s L1 and L2 vowel categories had moved closer together in the course of L2 immersion. These findings suggest that both a bilingual’s first and second language accent is likely to develop and reorganize over time due to dynamic interactions between the first and second language system.


2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Wei ◽  
Julie E. Boland ◽  
Jonathan Brennan ◽  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
...  

Prior work has shown intriguing differences between first language (L1) and second language (L2) comprehension priming of relative clauses. We investigated English reduced relative clause priming in Chinese adult learners of English. Participants of different education levels read sentences in a self-paced, moving window paradigm. Critical sentences had a temporarily ambiguous reduced relative clause. Across lists, critical sentences were rotated, so that they occurred either as prime or as target, and had either the same or different verb as the critical sentence with which they were paired. Prime/target pairs were separated by several filler sentences, which never contained a relative clause. Mean reading times for the disambiguating region in the target sentences were faster than in the prime sentences, but only in the same-verb condition, not in the different-verb condition. This pattern of results is consistent with L1 comprehension priming research, suggesting that similar lexically specific mechanisms are involved in L1 and L2 comprehension priming of reduced relative clauses. These findings are in line with lexicalist accounts of sentence comprehension (e.g. MacDonald et al., 1994), according to which syntactic information is bound to specific words. In addition, these findings argue against theories that postulate fundamental differences in processing of L1 and L2 (e.g. Clahsen and Felser, 2006a, 2006b).


2016 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 144-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Maurova Paillereau

Researchers in the field of the teaching and learning of phonetics agree that learners of a foreign/second language (L2) acquire identical vowels by positive transfer from their first language (L1). This statement prompted us to examine whether the French and Czech languages, differing in the size of their vowel inventories, possess any identical vowels that could thus be omitted from French as a Foreign Language (FFL) phonetic curricula intended for Czech learners. The quantification of the vowels’ phonetic similarity is based on the comparison of their (1) phonetic symbols, (2) formant values (F-patterns), and (3) perceptual characteristics. The combined results show that strictly identical vowels between the two languages do not exist, but some French vowels can be defined as highly similar to some Czech vowels. Different coarticulatory effects of vowels produced in isolation and in labial, dental and palato-velar symmetrical environments point to a very strong influence of phonetic contexts on vowel similarity. Indeed, no French vowel is highly similar to any Czech vowel in all of the contexts studied. The findings suggest that phonetic exercises designed for Czech learners should focus on allophonic variations of all French vowels.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulelah Alkhateeb

This study investigates the transfer relationship between first language (L1) (Arabic) proficiency and second language (L2) (English) performance in writing skills of a Saudi bilingual graduate student. Several studies have discussed the transfer issues in language learning, yet a few of them focus on the transfer relationships between Arabic and English language writing skills. Regardless of the huge linguistic distinction between the English language and Arabic language, it is presumed that Arabic and English writing skills positively, negatively, and neutrally transferred in a dynamic relationship. The researcher has conducted observations and interviews with Fatimah, the participant of this study, and analyzed her texts in both languages to illustrate how dynamic relationships between L1 and L2 in the composition skills is and what the effects of language transfer in the composition skills between L1 and L2 are. The data were collected and analyzed in January 2018. The results demonstrate effects of L2 on L1 as the following; first, a reverse or backward transfer implemented in three ways; positive, negative, and neutral transfer. Second, they indicate that there is a dynamic relationship between second language performance and first language proficiency in composition particularly. It is hoped that this knowledge will assist students in being aware of the effects of L2 on L1 specifically in composition and taking the advantages to accelerate the rate of language learning. It is recommended for future research to conduct studies in bilingual writings to investigate how L1 could be a resource and advocate of language development.


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