scholarly journals Inter-vivos giving by older people in the United States: who received financial gifts from the childless?

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1207-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL HURD
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Transfers ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Sense Of Obligation ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Inter Vivos

ABSTRACTInter-vivos financial transfers from older parents to their adult children are widespread in the United States. Childless people may simply make fewer transfers. On the other hand, because their giving is away from children, their decisions are more complex in that there are multiple potential targets of approximately equal attractiveness. Using data for 1996 to 2004 from the United States Health and Retirement Study, this article examines the differences between parents and childless older people in financial transfers to people other than their children. The results show that, overall, parents tend to give less than the childless to other people. However, some variation is found depending on the nature and target of the gift. Having children does not affect giving to charities but does reduce the prevalence of giving to parents, but not nearly as much as the reduction in giving to family and friends. It can therefore be concluded, first that there is little substitution between personal and impersonal transfers; secondly, that the sense of obligation to parents is not reduced by giving to charities or to children; and thirdly, that having children reduces the need to satisfy the desire for family and social ties by means of links to family and friends.

scholarly journals Trends in Dementia Prevalence in the United States, 1995-2019: An Age-Period-Cohort-Interaction Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 76-76
Author(s):  
Mark Lee ◽  
Liying Luo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Dementia Prevalence ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Retirement Study

Abstract Previous studies have indicated that age-specific dementia prevalence has declined in the United States and other high-income countries. However, these studies have been limited by estimating temporal change in dementia rates on a strictly period basis, with little attention to possible cohort effects. Distinguishing age, period, and cohort effects is both methodologically and theoretically important for identifying the etiological factors driving dementia decline in the population. In this study, we apply the novel Age-Period-Cohort-Interaction (APC-I) model, which defines cohort effects as the interaction between age and period main effects. The APC-I model improves on earlier APC models (e.g., the accounting method) by solving the linear dependence between predictors through theoretical clarification instead of statistical manipulation. We use the APC-I model to estimate period and cohort trends in dementia prevalence using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Our analysis points to significant period and cohort effects. Dementia prevalence declined significantly between the periods 1995-1999 and 2015-2019. At the same time, cohorts born in the 1940s had significantly lower odds of dementia than would be expected given age and period main effects. This cohort’s unique protection from dementia has been relatively stable as they have aged. Our study identifies the periods during which and cohorts for whom dementia risk has declined in the United States. Further research is needed to specify the period factors (e.g., broad based improvements in nutrition) and cohort factors (e.g., increases in educational attainment) that are responsible for these trends.

Health and Social Profile of Older Adults With MS: Findings From Three Studies

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Older People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Differences ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Using Data

Currently in the United States, approximately 45% of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) are older than 55. The majority of these people can expect to live as long as their age peers. This paper provides a health and social profile of 440 older adults with MS (mean age, 64) using data from three separate studies conducted in Canada and the United States. The majority of participants were women, married, living with at least one other person, and reporting that their income was adequate to meet their needs. The most common symptoms reported included fatigue, problems with balance, and weakness. Participants had the most difficulty with doing heavy housework, making a hot meal, managing finances, and bathing. Overall, most participants reported their health as poor. Comparing these findings to existing literature suggests important health differences between younger and older people with MS, and between older adults with and without MS, that may not be sufficiently recognized by existing services. (Int J MS Care. 2002; 4: 139–143, 148–151)

Migration and the Internet

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas John Cooke ◽  
Ian Shuttleworth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Dynamics Models

It is widely presumed that information and communication technologies, or ICTs, enable migration in several ways; primarily by reducing the costs of migration. However, a reconsideration of the relationship between ICTs and migration suggests that ICTs may just as well hinder migration; primarily by reducing the costs of not moving.  Using data from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics, models that control for sources of observed and unobserved heterogeneity indicate a strong negative effect of ICT use on inter-state migration within the United States. These results help to explain the long-term decline in internal migration within the United States.

scholarly journals Challenges in Bridge Health Monitoring: A Review

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4336
Author(s):  
Piervincenzo Rizzo ◽  
Alireza Enshaeian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Highway Bridges ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anomalous Behavior ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Bridge Health Monitoring ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Many ◽  
Major Factors

Bridge health monitoring is increasingly relevant for the maintenance of existing structures or new structures with innovative concepts that require validation of design predictions. In the United States there are more than 600,000 highway bridges. Nearly half of them (46.4%) are rated as fair while about 1 out of 13 (7.6%) is rated in poor condition. As such, the United States is one of those countries in which bridge health monitoring systems are installed in order to complement conventional periodic nondestructive inspections. This paper reviews the challenges associated with bridge health monitoring related to the detection of specific bridge characteristics that may be indicators of anomalous behavior. The methods used to detect loss of stiffness, time-dependent and temperature-dependent deformations, fatigue, corrosion, and scour are discussed. Owing to the extent of the existing scientific literature, this review focuses on systems installed in U.S. bridges over the last 20 years. These are all major factors that contribute to long-term degradation of bridges. Issues related to wireless sensor drifts are discussed as well. The scope of the paper is to help newcomers, practitioners, and researchers at navigating the many methodologies that have been proposed and developed in order to identify damage using data collected from sensors installed in real structures.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2921
Author(s):  
Jay J. Xu ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Thomas R. Belin ◽  
Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽  
Marc A. Suchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States has disproportionately impacted communities of color across the country. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality, we expand upon a national comparative analysis of years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by race/ethnicity (Bassett et al., 2020), estimating percentages of total YPLL for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Natives, contrasting them with their respective percent population shares, as well as age-adjusted YPLL rate ratios—anchoring comparisons to non-Hispanic Whites—in each of 45 states and the District of Columbia using data from the National Center for Health Statistics as of 30 December 2020. Using a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to perform estimation, our results reveal substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19-attributable YPLL across states, with a prevailing pattern of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experiencing disproportionately high and non-Hispanic Whites experiencing disproportionately low COVID-19-attributable YPLL. Furthermore, estimated disparities are generally more pronounced when measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting the greater intensity of the disparities at younger ages. We also find substantial state-to-state variability in the magnitudes of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities, suggesting that they are driven in large part by social determinants of health whose degree of association with race/ethnicity varies by state.

Is Music Teacher Professional Development Becoming More Effective? Evaluating Practice and Policy in the United States, 1993–2012

2020 ◽  
pp. 002242942098252
Author(s):  
Justin J. West
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
United States ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Teacher Professional Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Music Teacher ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Teacher Professional ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of this study was to evaluate music teacher professional development (PD) practice and policy in the United States between 1993 and 2012. Using data from the nationally representative Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) spanning these 20 years, I examined music teacher PD participation by topic, intensity, relevance, and format; music teachers’ top PD priorities; and the reach of certain PD-supportive policies. I assessed these descriptive results against a set of broadly agreed-on criteria for “effective” PD: content specificity, relevance, voluntariness/autonomy, social interaction, and sustained duration. Findings revealed a mixed record. Commendable improvements in content-specific PD access were undercut by deficiencies in social interaction, voluntariness/autonomy, sustained duration, and relevance. School policy, as reported by teachers, was grossly inadequate, with only one of the nine PD-supportive measures appearing on SASS reaching a majority of teachers in any given survey year. Implications for policy, practice, and scholarship are presented.

Political beliefs, views about technocracy, and energy and climate policy preferences

2020 ◽  
pp. 096366252097856
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Nowlin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Energy And Climate Policy

The use of technocratic decision-making, where policy decisions are made by elite experts, is an important aspect of policymaking in the United States. However, little work has examined public opinion about technocracy. Using data from a representative sample of the United States ( n = 1200), I explore differences in support for technocracy and the implications of that support for views about politically controversial energy sources and climate policies. Overall, I find that liberal Democrats, moderate/conservative Democrats, and moderate/liberal Republicans were more likely than conservative Republicans and moderate independents to support technocratic decision-making. In addition, I find that as support for technocracy increases, so does support for energy sources and climate policies; however, there are significant interaction effects across political beliefs.

Overeducation and the Earnings of Black, Hispanic, and White Male Workers

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Verdugo ◽  
Naomi Turner Verdugo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
White Male ◽  
The United States ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Male Workers ◽  
White Minority

This study addresses two issues: (1) the impact of overeducation on the earnings of male workers in the United States, and (2) white-minority earnings differences among males. Given that educational attainment levels are increasing among workers, there is some suspicion that earnings returns to education are not as great as might be expected. This topic is examined by including an overeducation variable in an earnings function. Regarding the second issue addressed in this article, little is actually known about white-minority differences because the bulk of such research compares whites and blacks. By including selected Hispanic groups in this analysis (Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Other Hispanics) we are able to assess white-minority earnings differences to a greater degree. Using data from a 5% sample of the 1980 census to estimate an earnings function, we find that overeducated workers earn less than either undereducated or adequately educated workers. Second, we find that there are substantial earnings differences between whites and minorities, and, also, between the five minority groups examined.

The Labor Market Skills of Recent Male Immigrants: Evidence from the Current Population Survey

ILR Review ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 792-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Funkhouser ◽  
Stephen J. Trejo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Current Population Survey ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Recent Immigrants ◽  
Current Population ◽  
Using Data

Using data from special supplements to the Current Population Survey (CPS), the authors track the education and hourly earnings of recent male immigrants to the United States. In terms of these measures of labor market skills, the CPS data suggest that immigrants who came in the late 1980s were more skilled than those who arrived earlier in the decade. This pattern represents a break from the steady decline in immigrant skill levels observed in 1940–80 Census data. Despite the encouraging trend over the 1980s, however, the average skills of recent immigrants remain low by historical standards.

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