The study of surprise attacks

1979 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Ben-Zvi
Keyword(s):  
Korean War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
World War ◽  
Theoretical Context ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

During the years following the Second World War, intensive research was undertaken on the subject of response to threat. Confronted with the baffling yet recurrent inability of nations to respond adequately to warnings of an impending attack, many scholars concentrated on such events as the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour and the outbreak of the Korean War, and produced a voluminous empirical literature, as well as a considerably meagre body of theoretically oriented works. Thus alongside the plethora of works that sought explanations solely in terms of certain specific conditions operating at the time of the event analyzed, a few other inquiries attempted to integrate the case under scrutiny into a broader theoretical context in order to better elucidate the patterns by which nations cope with situations of crisis and threat.

Transitional Leadership

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Bradbeer
Keyword(s):  
Korean War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Academy ◽  
Chief Of Staff ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
Eighth Army ◽  
Second World ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The U.S

Matthew B. Ridgway was an influential American airborne commander during the Second World War and led United Nations forces during the Korean War. A 1917 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, Ridgway served multiple tours in Latin America and Asia as a junior and mid-grade officer. A protégée of General George Marshall, he commanded the Eighty-Second airborne division during the invasions of Sicily, Italy, and France. During the Battle of Bulge and the invasion of Germany, he served as commander of the newly created Eighteenth Airborne Corps. Years later, during the Korean War, Ridgway transitioned from a staff position as a deputy to Army Chief of Staff Lawton Collins to become commander of the Eighth Army in Korea, and then commander of all U.N. forces in the Korean theatre. Ridgway's career, especially his leadership during the two wars, provides insights on the officer skills needed to effectively transition to different levels of command.

Reinhard Hoeppli (1893–1973): The life and curious afterlife of a distinguished parasitologist

2019 ◽  
pp. 096777201987760
Author(s):  
NJ Morley
Keyword(s):  
Korean War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Swiss German ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
Beijing China ◽  
Second World

Reinhard Hoeepli was a Swiss-German physician with a distinguished career as a researcher and historian of medical parasitology. He spent the majority of his career at the Peking Union Medical College in Beijing, China, where he undertook research on host responses to parasitic infections, in particular describing the ‘Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon’, between 1929 and 1952. During the Second World War, he acted as the Swiss honorary Consul in Japanese-occupied Beijing. After leaving China following the militarization of the College in the wake of the Korean War, he subsequently worked in Singapore and Liberia before retiring to Switzerland. Hoeppli is most widely known for his association with Sir Edmund Backhouse, a controversial and enigmatic Chinese scholar, who was his war-time patient towards the end of his life. With Hoeppli's encouragement, Backhouse wrote two scandalous and unpublishable memoirs which remained in Hoeppli's safe-keeping until his own death in 1973. However, the revelations by the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper in 1976 that Backhouse was a fraudster and fantasist has had a detrimental effect on Hoeppli's posthumous reputation that has overshadowed his many lifetime achievements. Alongside a biography of his life, an examination of the controversies of the Backhouse revelations on Hoeppli's repute is presented.

The Pacific War and the Second Golden Age

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian W. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Korean War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
Australian Economy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Positive Shock ◽  
Second World

This chapter details how the Second World War imparted a more favorable shock to the economy than the First. The postwar international economic environment was much more conducive to raising incomes than it had been after 1919. In the 1950s, prosperity was further underpinned by the Korean War wool boom, and by an intensification of the process of import substituting industrialization. In further narrowing the focus to civilian consumption, the massive diversion of resources into the defense sector predictably resulted in a decline in consumption expenditure per capita during both wars, but by less during the Second World War. With this caveat, it seems appropriate to describe the Second World War as delivering on balance a positive shock to the Australian economy.

Why were there no war crimes trials for the Korean War?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Sandra Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Korean War ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
War Crimes Trials ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
National Leaders ◽  
Second World

Abstract In the Korean War of 1950-53, U.S. authorities were determined to pursue atrocities perpetrated by North Korean and Communist Chinese forces through legal channels, in keeping with the standards they believed they had set after the Second World War. Yet, their plans foundered in Korea, despite extensive groundwork for prosecutions. Four factors were responsible. First, it was difficult to find reliable evidence and to identify and apprehend suspects. Second, U.S. officials rapidly lost confidence in the idea of prosecuting national leaders. Third, the lack of clear-cut victory in the conflict necessitated a diplomatic solution, which was incompatible with war crimes trials. Fourth, the moral standing of the West, and hence its authority to run trials, was undermined by the large number of atrocities committed by the United Nations side. Thus, the U.S. plan for war crimes trials was dropped without fanfare, to be replaced by an anti-Communist propaganda campaign.

Global Wars and Decolonization in East and South-East Asia (1937–1954)

2018 ◽  
pp. 275-298
Author(s):  
Christopher Goscha
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Korean War ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Second World War ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
World War ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

This chapter discusses how, between 1937 and 1954, two global conflicts combined to affect the course of East and South-East Asian decolonization profoundly—the Second World War and the Cold War. It covers how the Americans gained the upper hand in the region from 1945 by occupying Japan alone (unlike in Germany) and how the Chinese communist victory in 1949 and Mao’s alliance with Stalin a few months later readjusted the balance. It explains how the Americans responded to the Chinese–Moscow alliance, and how the Americans and Chinese engaged each other, both directly in the Korean War and indirectly via the French and the Vietnamese in Indochina. It then explains how the Indochina conflict (1945–1954), as a case study, can help to better understand how and why the Cold War and decolonization intersected in such complex and violent ways.

Hendrik Draye, tegenstander van de uitvoering van de doodstraf

2006 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-152
Author(s):  
Luc Vandeweyer
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Penal Policy ◽  
Catholic University ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University ◽  
Second World ◽  
Young Professor

Hendrik Draye, opponent of the carrying out of the death penaltyIn this annotated and extensively contextualised source edition, Luc Vandeweyer deals with the period of repression after the Second World War. In June 1948, after the execution of two hundred collaboration-suspects in Belgium, the relatively young linguistics professor at the Catholic University of Leuven, Hendrik Draye, proposed, on humanitarian grounds, a Manifesto against the carrying out of the death penalty. Some colleagues, as well as some influential personalities outside the university, reacted positively; some colleagues were rather hesitant; most of them rejected the text. In the end, the initiative foundered because of the emphatic dissuasion by the head of university, who wanted to protect his university and, arguably, the young professor Draeye. The general public’s demand for revenge had not yet abated by then; moreover, the unstable government at that time planned a reorientation of the penal policy, which made a polarization undesirable. Nevertheless, Luc Vandeweyer concludes, "the opportunity for an important debate on the subject had been missed".

scholarly journals Per Ravenna trecentesca: nuove proposte per l’assetto architettonico di Santa Maria in Porto Fuori

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-31
Author(s):  
Fabio Massaccesi
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Church

Abstract This contribution intends to draw attention to one of the most significant monuments of medieval Ravenna: the church of Santa Maria in Porto Fuori, which was destroyed during the Second World War. Until now, scholars have focused on the pictorial cycle known through photographs and attributed to the painter Pietro da Rimini. However, the architecture of the building has not been the subject of systematic studies. For the first time, this essay reconstructs the fourteenth-century architectural structure of the church, the apse of which was rebuilt by 1314. The data that led to the virtual restitution of the choir and the related rood screen are the basis for new reflections on the accesses to the apse area, on the pilgrimage flows, and on the view of the frescoes.

scholarly journals Agency and Analogy in African History: the Contribution of Extra-Mural Studies in Ghana

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 273-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
African History ◽  
World War ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Autobiographical Texts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

As the pioneering generation of postwar British academics retired, some produced autobiographical texts which revealed the personal circumstances and intellectual influences that brought them to the study of Africa. Edited volumes have also provided broader reflections on the academic disciplines, methodologies, and institutions through which these scholars engaged with the continent. In one such text, Christopher Clapham and Richard Hodder-Williams noted the special relationship between extramural studies (also known as university adult education) and the academic study of Africa's mass nationalist movements:The impetus for this study came to a remarkable degree from a tiny group of men and women who pioneered university extra-mural studies in the Gold Coast immediately after the [Second World War], and to a significant extent established the parameters for subsequent study of the subject [African politics]. Gathered together under the aegis of Thomas Hodgkin […], they were led by David Kimble […], and included among the tutors Dennis Austin, Lalage Bown and Bill Tordoff, all of whom were to play a major role in African studies in the United Kingdom over the next forty years.

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