Mound structure of the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes gilvus in Thailand

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsushi Inoue ◽  
Pisoot Vijarnsorn ◽  
Takuya Abe

ABSTRACTThe change of mound structure of the fungus growing termite, Macrotermes gilvus, which has no clear air passage system in the mound, was examined in relation to the mound growth in a rubber plantation of southern Thailand. The nest proper consisted of the hive with a royal chamber and nursery, and diffused chambers with fungus combs. The location of the hive became higher with the growth of the mound. Therefore, colonies with a very large mound utilize only the upper mound part and this may be due to the lack of air passage systems in this species. A colony with a very large mound is not in reality commensurately large in colony size and this may be the reason why the density of huge mounds of M. gilvus in Thailand is much higher than that of Macrotermes in Africa.

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (13) ◽  
pp. 1654-1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Chadsuthi ◽  
B. M. Althouse ◽  
S. Iamsirithaworn ◽  
W. Triampo ◽  
K. H. Grantz ◽  
...  

AbstractHuman movement contributes to the probability that pathogens will be introduced to new geographic locations. Here we investigate the impact of human movement on the spatial spread of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Southern Thailand during a recent re-emergence. We hypothesised that human movement, population density, the presence of habitat conducive to vectors, rainfall and temperature affect the transmission of CHIKV and the spatiotemporal pattern of cases seen during the emergence. We fit metapopulation transmission models to CHIKV incidence data. The dates at which incidence in each of 151 districts in Southern Thailand exceeded specified thresholds were the target of model fits. We confronted multiple alternative models to determine which factors were most influential in the spatial spread. We considered multiple measures of spatial distance between districts and adjacency networks and also looked for evidence of long-distance translocation (LDT) events. The best fit model included driving-distance between districts, human movement, rubber plantation area and three LDT events. This work has important implications for predicting the spatial spread and targeting resources for control in future CHIKV emergences. Our modelling framework could also be adapted to other disease systems where population mobility may drive the spatial advance of outbreaks.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uraiwan Tongkaemkaew ◽  
Bénédicte Chambon

A decrease in rubber prices can initiate labor migration trends from rubber production to industrial or service sectors, which could further cause labor shortages in rubber production. This case was not studied in the different communities with a long history of rubber such as the center city of southern Thailand. This study analyzes the source of labor and movement of laborers working in rubber plantations in the context of decreasing rubber prices. We selected 3 representative areas, namely rural, suburban and urban communities in Hat Yai district, Songkhla province. Owners of rubber holdings were the target group for the survey, and individual interviews were conducted. We collected data between March and July 2015, engaging with 207 owners. The results showed that family labor and hired labor were widely used in rubber plantations in the three communities. Locally hired laborers and laborers from other countries were the main sources of hired labor for rubber plantations. The transnational laborers were a secondary source of labor for all communities, especially the rural ones. Family labor was the main source of labor for smallholder rubber plots, especially for the urban and suburban areas. Hired labor was used in all sizes of rubber holding in rural and suburban communities and were very common in the small rubber holdings in urban areas. This shows that the rubber production sector creates employment for local people and for migrants. Furthermore, low rubber price conditions did not significantly impact labor movement in rubber plantations. However, rubber plantations in urban and suburban communities lacked labor supply due to their proximity to the larger urban center of Hat Yai city. Therefore, the low tapping intensity and generate the diversified source of income to attract young labor generation to work on the farms should be policy to maintain natural rubber production in Thailand


1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 541-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sirirungrojying ◽  
S. Srisintorn ◽  
P. Akkayanont

Author(s):  
Fremmy Raymond Agustinus

Desain penyejuk udara juga dapat diterapkan di bidang kesehatan, dengan standar Cleanroom dapat diperoleh suhu, kelembaban, kenyamanan dan kebersihan yang dibutuhkan untuk ruang steril (ruang bedah). Perancangan pendingin udara dalam hal ini dilakukan dengan menentukan beban pendinginan yang diperlukan untuk ruang steril (ruang bedah), kemudian menentukan ukuran ducting, jalur ducting, dan jumlah penggunaan ducting. Desain ini menggabungkan unit split saluran yang dimodifikasi, kipas booster, filter pra, filter medium, dan filter HEPA dengan menggunakan saluran aluminium preinsulated sebagai saluran udara. Desain dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak AutoCAD 2012, Design Tools Duct Sizer, dan Microsoft Excel. Dari hasil perhitungan dan desain didapatkan kebutuhan kapasitas 3 ruang bedah yaitu ducted ducted 100.000 BTUH sebanyak 3 unit, booster fan 3.3 - 4 Di WG sebanyak 3 unit, pre filter 24 "x 24" x 2 "6 set, filter menengah 610 x 610 x 290 mm 6 set, dan filter HEPA 1220 x 610 x 70 mm 12. Untuk ruang steril, tekanan statis yang dihasilkan oleh unit pendingin harus lebih besar daripada tekanan statis yang dihasilkan dari unit yang ada. di ruang semi steril. Dengan kata lain, ruang steril harus memiliki tekanan positif terhadap ruang semi steril. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar udara di ruang semi steril tidak masuk ke ruang steril ketika pintu antar ruangan dibuka. Desain dan perhitungan ruang bedah, suhu nyata yang diperoleh adalah 23 ° C ± 2 ° C dan kelembaban relatif yang diperoleh adalah 60% ± 2%.   Air conditioning design can also be applied in the health field, with cleanroom standard can be obtained temperature, humidity, comfort and hygiene needed for sterile room (surgical room). The design of air conditioning in this case is done by determining the cooling load required for the sterile room (surgical room), then determining the ducting size, ducting path, and the amount of ducting usage. This design combines modified ducted split unit, booster fan, pre filter, medium filter, and HEPA filter by using preinsulated aluminum duct as an air passage. The design is done by using AutoCAD 2012 software, Design Tools Duct Sizer, and Microsoft Excel. From the calculation and design result obtained the capacity requirement of 3 surgical room that is split ducted 100.000 BTUH as many as 3 units, booster fan 3.3 - 4 In WG as many as 3 units, pre filter 24"x 24" x 2" 6 sets, medium filter 610 x 610 x 290 mm 6 sets, and HEPA filter 1220 x 610 x 70 mm 12 sets. For the sterile room, the static pressure generated by the cooling unit shall be larger than the static pressure generated from the unit present in the semi sterile room. In other words, the sterile room must have positive pressure to the semi sterile room. It is intended that the air in the semi sterile room does not enter into the sterile room when the door between room opened. In this surgical room design and calculation, real temperature obtained is 23 °C ± 2 °C and the relative moisture obtained is 60% ± 2%.


Author(s):  
Nonglaksana Kama ◽  
Munirah Yamirudeng

Language is known to have an effect on ethnic identity.For cultural groups who hold knowledge of ethnic language as a core value, language shift can lead to a loss of ethnic identity, cultural fragmentation and “non-authentic” expressions of ethnicity Thelanguage has played and is still playing a symbolic role in the evolution and maintenance of ethnic identity within the Malay Muslim community in southern Thailand. Itis significant to know how the Malay language was used as a symbol to create and sustain the Malay identity on the ways in which Malay Muslims today understand ethnic identity, and how ethnic language fits into their own ethnic self-identifications.This paper attempts to answer the question why Malay language constitutes a vital element in the maintenance of Malay ethnic identity among the Malays of southern Thailand.Two facts have been identified regarding the language and ethnicity link among Malay Muslims. First, Malay language is seen as a relevant ethno-cultural marker and its usage is limited within family, relatives and close friends. Second, Malay language is preserved along with Thai language, making many Malay Muslims bilingual, which is quite typical in the southern border provinces of Thailand.


1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
John Freear
Keyword(s):  

In January, 1900, Henry I'Anson applied, successfully, for the position of accountant at a rubber plantation in Bolivia. He and his wife journeyed there by steamship, steam launch, and canoe, to find a less than hospitable welcome. I'Anson's professionalism was offended by the condition of the plantation's accounts, and he was disconcerted by the prices he was charged for food. He complained, was insulted, threatened, and, finally, he and his wife were obliged to return to England. There, he found that he had been dismissed. This article is based wholly on his undated statement made in connection with a lawsuit he took out against his former employers.


2021 ◽  
Vol 304-305 ◽  
pp. 108391
Author(s):  
Wenjun Zhou ◽  
Jing Zhu ◽  
Hongli Ji ◽  
John Grace ◽  
Liqing Sha ◽  
...  

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