Prenuptial pregnancy in a rural area of Devonshire in the mid-nineteenth century: Colyton 1851–1881

The popularly held belief that in Victorian times a rigid code of sexual behaviour was in operation throughout the country, and that transgression of the code resulted in loss of respectability, has been under attack for some time now. One of the weapons used in the assault has been the extent of prenuptial pregnancy during the period compared with earlier centuries. In the first of his two papers on prenuptial pregnancy in England, published in 1966, P. E. H. Hair demonstrated that the phenomenon was of long duration. Roughly one-third of his sample of 1,855 brides traced to a maternity between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries had been pregnant at marriage, and he considered that this was an under-estimate of the true proportion. Data from a number of reconstitution studies published in a recent work edited by Laslett, Oosterveen and Smith show that prenuptial pregnancies, measured in 50-year periods from 1550–1849, peaked in the second half of the sixteenth century at 31 per cent of all marriages traced to the birth of a child, only to decline over the next hundred years through the heyday of Puritanism and beyond to their nadir of 16 per cent by the end of the seventeenth century. From the early eighteenth century onwards, however, the proportion of such pregnancies increased, at first slowly and then gathering pace until by 1800 the previous peak at the end of the sixteenth century had been passed, the proportion of prenuptial pregnancies standing at 33 per cent. The rate continued to rise through the early years of the nineteenth century into the Victorian era, reaching 37 per cent for the 50 years ending in 1849.

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Dynamics of Continuity and Change: Shifts in Labour Relations in the Potosí Mines (1680–1812)

International Review of Social History ◽

10.1017/s0020859016000511 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 61 (S24) ◽

pp. 93-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rossana Barragán Romano

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

The Other ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Labour Relations ◽

Continuity And Change ◽

The One

AbstractLabour relations in the silver mines of Potosí are almost synonymous with the mita, a system of unfree work that lasted from the end of the sixteenth century until the beginning of the nineteenth century. However, behind this continuity there were important changes, but also other forms of work, both free and self-employed. The analysis here is focused on how the “polity” contributed to shape labour relations, especially from the end of the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century. This article scrutinizes the labour policies of the Spanish monarchy on the one hand, which favoured certain economic sectors and regions to ensure revenue, and on the other the initiatives both of mine entrepreneurs and workers – unfree, free, and self-employed – who all contributed to changing the system of labour.

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Events that formed the modern world: from the European Renaissance through the war on terror: v.1: From the European Renaissance through the sixteenth century; v.2: The seventeenth century; v.3: The eighteenth century; v.4: The nineteenth century; v.5: From 1900 to the war on terror

Choice Reviews Online ◽

10.5860/choice.50-1236 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 50 (03) ◽

pp. 50-1236-50-1236

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

War On Terror ◽

Modern World ◽

European Renaissance

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Anticorruption in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Britain

10.1093/oso/9780198809975.003.0013 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Knights

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

Starting Point ◽

Eighteenth Century Britain

This chapter takes the premodern divide, which is framed in English historiography as the end of “old corruption,” as the starting point for a long-term overview of anticorruption in Britain and its colonies. Focusing on anticorruption movements, it adds another dimension to the paradox of modernization by showing that although a transition took place in the period between the late-sixteenth century and the nineteenth century, it was by no means a linear one: anticorruption measures to ensure the scrutiny of public accounts could be introduced in the late-seventeenth century, abandoned and then reintroduced later in the eighteenth century. The chapter also argues that there is a relationship between late-sixteenth-century Reformation and eighteenth-century reforms, both of which involved an attack on corruption.

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An Englishman in Exile: A Recent Work in Recusant History

Recusant History ◽

10.1017/s0034193200000480 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 11-14

Author(s):

Joseph B. Gavin

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Foreign Language ◽

Recent Work ◽

Catholic Church ◽

Early Years ◽

Full Length ◽

Biographical Research ◽

Limited Degree

It is not often that a full-length work on recusant history appears in a foreign language, and for this reason the Reverend Bruno Navarra's book in Italian, Filippo Michele Ellis: Segni e la sua Diocesi nei primi del ‘700 (Roma, Centro Studi del Lazio [1973], Piazza Montecitorio, 115), should be brought to the attention of Recusant History readers. This book on Philip Michael Ellis, O.S.B., first Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, and later Bishop of Segni in Italy, should be most welcome to anyone interested in English Catholicism during the time of James II and the early years of the eighteenth century. There has been a noticeable lack of biographical research, either general or particular, on those involved in the organization of the English Catholic Church at the end of the seventeenth century. Perhaps the time has come for a more specific picture of this period; to a very limited degree Navarra has filled some of the lacuna.

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Eunuchs in the Ottoman Empire

Istoricheskii vestnik ◽

10.35549/hr.2019.2019.47854 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

J. Hathaway

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

Fifteenth Century ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

Historical Context ◽

Prisoners Of War ◽

East African ◽

Young Turks

Abstract This article surveys the employment of eunuchs in the Ottoman Empire. After placing the use of court eunuchs in a global historical context, the study turns to the earliest eunuchs in Ottoman employ, who were probably Byzantine prisoners of war. By the early fifteenth century, East African harem eunuchs had become an important element of the palace eunuch population, and the article discusses their procurement and castration. The construction of Topkap Palace in newly-conquered Constantinople during the 1450s laid the ground for the dichotomy between African harem eunuchs and white Third Court eunuchs. An equally important watershed occurred in the late sixteenth century, when the Chief Harem Eunuch assumed the supervision of the imperial pious endowments for Mecca and Medina, making him one of the most powerful figures in the empire. By the late seventeenth century, deposed Chief Harem Eunuchs often commanded the eunuchs who guarded the Prophet Muhammads tomb in Medina. The influence of all palace eunuchs decreased during the eighteenth century, as the grand vizier acquired ever more control over the empires administration. Nineteenth-century reforms dealt a permanent blow to the harem eunuchs authority, which ended entirely when the Young Turks disbanded the harem in 1909.Аннотация Статья рассматривает вопрос о привлечении на службу евнухов в Османскои империи. После общего обзора роли придворных евнухов в глобальном историческом контексте, исследование обращается к первым евнухам на османскои службе, которые вероятно были византиискими военнопленными. К началу XV в. восточно-африканские евнухи гарема стали важнои фракциеи среди дворцовых евнухов в статье рассматривается методика их отбора и кастрации. Строительство дворца Топкапы в недавно завоеванном Константинополе в 50-х гг. XV в. положило начало дихотомии между африканскими евнухами Гарема и белыми евнухами Третьего Двора. Не менее важным рубежом становится и конец XVI в., когда старшии евнух Гарема принял на себя обязанности по управлению имперскими благотворительными пожертвованиями в Мекку и Медину, что сделало этого сановника одной из самых могущественных фигур империи. К концу XVII в. низложенные главные евнухи Гарема часто принимали командование над евнухами, охранявшими гробницу Пророка Мухаммеда в Медине. Влияние дворцовых евнухов оказывается ослабленным в XVIII столетии, по мере того как великии визирь получал все большую власть над управлением империи. Реформы XIX столетия нанесли решающии удар по власти евнухов Гарема, которая полностью сошла на нет при расформировании его младотурками в 1909 г.

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A Short History of Sixteenth-Century England. By G. W. O. Woodward. [Mentor Book.] (New York: New American Library. 1963. Pp. 256. 75 cents.), A Short History of Seventeenth-Century England. By G. E. Aylmer. [Mentor Book.] (New York: New American Library. 1963. Pp. 256. 75 cents.), A Short History of Eighteenth-Century England. By R. W. Harris. [Mentor Book.] (New York: New American Library. 1963. Pp. 238. 75 cents.), A Short History of Nineteenth-Century England. By John W. Derry. [Mentor Book.] (New York: New American Library. 1963. Pp. 239. 75 cents.) and A Short History of Twentieth-Century England. By T. L. Jarman. [Mentor Book.] (New York: New American Library. 1963. Pp. 224. 75 cents.)

The American Historical Review ◽

10.1086/ahr/69.2.433 ◽

1964 ◽

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

New York ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

Short History ◽

American Library ◽

History Of

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Mansnavnið Lagi í Føroyum / The Male Forename Lagi in the Faroes

Fróðskaparrit - Faroese Scientific Journal ◽

10.18602/fsj.v59i0.43 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 59 ◽

pp. 63

Author(s):

Eivind Weyhe

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

Middle Ages ◽

I 18 ◽

The Middle Ages

ÚrtakTað upprunaliga danska mansnavnið Lagi breiðir seg í miðøld til Norra (og Svøríkis). Úr Norra tykist tað vera komið til Føroyar, men eftir øllum at døma bara til Fugloyar, í seinasta lagi í endanum á 16. øld. Í 17. øld kemur navnið aftur til Føroyar, men nú í tí danska sniðinum Lauge, seinri skrivað Lave. Tað verður í 18. øld brúkt í Tórshavn og Suðuroy sum seinri liður í tvínevninum Peder Lave. Í 19. øld gerst Lave fast eftirnavn. Í Tórshavn verður tað eisini til húsanavnið Á Lava, og fólk í (ella úr) tí húsinum verða nevnd við viðurnevninum „á Lava“. Í 20. øld fáa summi teirra sær „á Lava“ sum eftirnavn. Greinarhøvundurin viðger málsøgulig, ljóðfrøðilig, bendingarlig og dialektal viðurskiftir í sambandi við navnið. AbstractThe male forename Lagi, originally Danish, spreads to Norway (and Sweden) during the Middle Ages. From Norway it seems to have reached the Faroes towards the end of the sixteenth century at the latest, but is only documented on Fugloy. In the seventeenth century the name arrives in the Faroes once more, but now in the Danish form Lauge, later written Lave. It is used in Tórshavn and Suðuroy in the eighteenth century as the second element of the compound forename Peder Lave. In the nineteenth century Lave becomes an established surname. In Tórshavn it is also incorporated into the name of a dwelling in the prepositional form Á Lava ‘at Lava’, and people living there (or originating from the house) are given the byname „á Lava“. In the twentieth century some of them take „á Lava“ as a surname. The author treats languagehistorical, phonetic, morphological and dialectal aspects of the name.

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The Musical Topic of the Mass in B Minor

10.1093/oso/9780190881054.003.0003 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel R. Melamed

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

Church Music ◽

Sacred Music ◽

The Other ◽

Entire Spectrum ◽

Giovanni Pierluigi Da Palestrina ◽

Early Eighteenth Century

If there is a fundamental musical subject of Johann Sebastian Bach’s Mass in B Minor, a compositional problem the work explores, it is the tension between two styles cultivated in church music of Bach’s time. One style was modern and drew on up-to-date music such as the instrumental concerto and the opera aria. The other was old-fashioned and fundamentally vocal, borrowing and adapting the style of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, his sixteenth-century contemporaries, and his seventeenth-century imitators. The movements that make up Bach’s Mass can be read as exploring the entire spectrum of possibilities offered by these two styles (the modern and the antique), ranging from movements purely in one or the other to a dazzling variety of ways of combining the two. The work illustrates a fundamental opposition in early-eighteenth-century sacred music that Bach confronts and explores in the Mass.

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Hymnody and Liturgy

The Oxford Handbook of Presbyterianism ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190608392.013.36 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 491-506

Author(s):

Jonathan Hehn

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

North American ◽

John Calvin ◽

Church Of Scotland ◽

Metrical Psalmody ◽

History Of ◽

The Church

This chapter outlines the history of Presbyterian worship practice from the sixteenth century to the present, with a focus on North American Presbyterians. Tracing both their hymnody and their liturgy ultimately to John Calvin, Presbyterian communions have a distinct heritage of worship inherited from the Church of Scotland via seventeenth-century Puritans. Long marked by metrical psalmody and guided by the Westminster Directory, Presbyterian worship underwent substantial changes in the nineteenth century. Evangelical and liturgical movements led Presbyterians away from a Puritan visual aesthetic, into the use of nonscriptural hymnody, and toward a recovery of liturgical books. Mainline North American and Scottish Presbyterians solidified these trends in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries; however, conservative North American denominations and some other denominations globally continue to rely heavily on the use of a worship directory and metrical psalmody.

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‘A Welsh Lancashire’? Monmouthshire Catholics in the Eighteenth Century

Recusant History ◽

10.1017/s0034193200000595 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 176-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Philip Jenkins

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Recent Work ◽

Civil Wars ◽

The West ◽

The North ◽

South Wales ◽

Jesuit Mission ◽

Charles Ii ◽

Popish Plot

In the seventeenth century, one of the Catholic strongholds of Britain had lain on the southern Welsh borders, in those areas of north Monmouthshire and southern Herefordshire dependant on the Marquis of Worcester at Raglan, and looking to the Jesuit mission at Cwm. Abergavenny and Monmouth had been largely Catholic towns, while the north Monmouthshire countryside still merited the attention of fifteen priests in the 1670s—after the Civil Wars, and the damaging conversion to Protestantism of the heir of Raglan in 1667. Conspicuous Catholic strength caused fear, and the ‘Popish Plot’ was the excuse for a uniquely violent reaction, in which the Jesuit mission was all but destroyed. What happened after that is less clear. In 1780, Berington wrote that ‘In many [counties], particularly in the west, in south Wales, and some of the Midland counties, there is scarcely a Catholic to be found’. Modern histories tend to reflect this, perhaps because of available evidence. The archives of the Western Vicariate were destroyed in a riot in Bath in 1780, and a recent work like J. H. Aveling's The Handle and the Axe relies heavily on sources and examples from the north of England. This attitude is epitomised by Bossy's remark on the distribution of priests in 1773: ‘In Wales, the mission had collapsed’. However, the question of Catholic survival in eighteenth-century Wales is important. In earlier assessments of Catholic strength (by landholding, or number of recusants gaoled as a proportion of population) Monmouthshire had achieved the rare feat of exceeding the zeal of Lancashire, and Herefordshire was not far behind. If this simply ceased to exist, there was an almost incredible success for the ‘short, sharp’ persecution under Charles II. If, however, the area remained a Catholic fortress, then recent historians of recusancy have unjustifiably neglected it.

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