scholarly journals Introduction to the Special Issue

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Fabrice Bensimon
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
High Wage ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Associational Life ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

AbstractIn the period 1815–1870, several thousand British workers and engineers went to the continent for work purposes, playing a decisive part in European industrialisation. Workers emigrated because they could market their skills at good value; or because their British employers sought to make the most of their technical lead by setting businesses up abroad, and by producing on the continent, they could avoid protective tariffs.Which social and cultural factors enabled British capital to flow to continental and indeed global enterprise, British skills to shape labour processes overseas, and British male and female labourers to seek and find overseas employment? This introduction to the Special Issue raises a series of questions on these flows. It asks what numbers went to the continent, in comparison with the large flows to the US and the British World. It addresses the legislative and economic aspects of these labour migrations and tries to relate these to the discussion on the supposed ‘high-wage economy’ of the British industrial revolution. It also focuses on the practicalities of migration. Last, it is also interested in the cultural, religious and associational life of the British migrants, as well as in the relations with the local populations.

scholarly journals The Competition of Slave and Free Labor in Artisanal Production: Buenos Aires, 1770–1815

1995 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyman L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
High Wage ◽  
Labor Economic ◽  
Free Labor ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
The City ◽  
Artisanal Production

SummaryBetween 1770 and 1815 the population of Buenos Aires nearly doubled. Despite this impressive growth, the city and its hinterland suffered from a chronic labor shortage. Efforts to expand artisanal production were undermined by the resultant high wage levels. Similar problems affected the countryside where slaves and the forced labor of Indians and convicts failed to meet harvest needs. This paper examines the competition among these forms of labor. Economic, social and cultural factors that helped determine the allocation of labor types are also analyzed. Finally, since scores of slaves and Indian laborers gained freedom and entered the labor market each year, the economic and cultural factors that facilitated this movement are examined.

scholarly journals Media we Francji w kontekście czwartej rewolucji przemysłowej Klausa Schwaba. Wybrana problematyka

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Gajlewicz-Korab
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Media System ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Media ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Media Market

The media in France in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution by Klaus Schwab. Selected issues The article describes transformation of the French media in the context of Fourth Industrial Revolution by Klaus Schwab. The focus of the article is on technological, social and cultural issues. Analyzed changes have an impact on evolution of the media system on an unprecedented scale. They determine not only the media market landscape, but also the entire mindset of the French. On the other hand, social and cultural factors can slow down the progress in the media sector.

scholarly journals Popular Autobiography in Switzerland

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Fabian Brändle
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Autobiographical Texts ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

Switzerland has a very old and lively tradition of working-class writing, including outstanding examples such as Augustin Güntzer, Ulrich Bräker or the weavers Matthias and Heinrich Senn. This rich culture is due to the high social mobility, relatively early successful literacy and Protestant self-introspection. Then, though there are not many texts written by left wing workers, male and female, there is a substantial number of texts written by men and women from the margins of society. These texts are not strongly ideological and are thus very interesting sources for everyday history. Despite this tradition, there is a lack of institutional and scientific interest in collecting and conserving autobiographical texts in Switzerland. This article traces the Swiss tradition of working-class life writing, relating it to the social and cultural factors which enabled it; highlights some of the scholarship of editing and interpretation which these texts have generated; and indicates the author’s own contribution to the task of collecting and cataloguing Swiss popular autobiographical texts.https://doi.org/10.21827/ejlw.7.295

The Path of Standard Albanian Language Formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Sindorela Doli Kryeziu
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Language History ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Body ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Language Literature

Abstract In our paper we will talk about the whole process of standardization of the Albanian language, where it has gone through a long historical route, for almost a century.When talking about standard Albanian language history and according to Albanian language literature, it is often thought that the Albanian language was standardized in the Albanian Language Orthography Congress, held in Tirana in 1972, or after the publication of the Orthographic Rules (which was a project at that time) of 1967 and the decisions of the Linguistic Conference, a conference of great importance that took place in Pristina, in 1968. All of these have influenced chronologically during a very difficult historical journey, until the standardization of the Albanian language.Considering a slightly wider and more complex view than what is often presented in Albanian language literature, we will try to describe the path (history) of the standard Albanian formation under the influence of many historical, political, social and cultural factors that are known in the history of the Albanian people. These factors have contributed to the formation of a common state, which would have, over time, a common standard language.It is fair to think that "all activity in the development of writing and the Albanian language, in the field of standardization and linguistic planning, should be seen as a single unit of Albanian culture, of course with frequent manifestations of specific polycentric organization, either because of divisions within the cultural body itself, or because of the external imposition"(Rexhep Ismajli," In Language and for Language ", Dukagjini, Peja, 1998, pp. 15-18.)

Entering the Clubhouse

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin B. Kafai ◽  
Deborah A Fields ◽  
William Q. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Online Communities ◽  
File Sharing ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
After School ◽  
End User ◽  
Programming Software ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Learning Programming ◽  
School Club

Previous efforts in end-user development have focused on facilitating the mechanics of learning programming, leaving aside social and cultural factors equally important in getting youth engaged in programming. As part of a 4-month long ethnographic study, we followed two 12-year-old participants as they learned the programming software Scratch and its associated file-sharing site, scratch.mit.edu, in an after-school club and class. In our discussion, we focus on the role that agency, membership, and status played in their joining and participating in local and online communities of programmers.

scholarly journals Why Do Developing Countries Tax So Little?

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Besley ◽  
Torsten Persson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
News Media ◽  
Weak Sense ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Weak Institutions ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
A Share

Low-income countries typically collect taxes of between 10 to 20 percent of GDP while the average for high-income countries is more like 40 percent. In order to understand taxation, economic development, and the relationships between them, we need to think about the forces that drive the development process. Poor countries are poor for certain reasons, and these reasons can also help to explain their weakness in raising tax revenue. We begin by laying out some basic relationships regarding how tax revenue as a share of GDP varies with per capita income and with the breadth of a country's tax base. We sketch a baseline model of what determines a country's tax revenue as a share of GDP. We then turn to our primary focus: why do developing countries tax so little? We begin with factors related to the economic structure of these economies. But we argue that there is also an important role for political factors, such as weak institutions, fragmented polities, and a lack of transparency due to weak news media. Moreover, sociological and cultural factors—such as a weak sense of national identity and a poor norm for compliance—may stifle the collection of tax revenue. In each case, we suggest the need for a dynamic approach that encompasses the two-way interactions between these political, social, and cultural factors and the economy.

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