ON THE ROLE OF LINGUISTIC CONTEXTUAL FACTORS FOR MORPHOSYNTACTIC STABILIZATION IN HIGH-LEVEL L2 FRENCH

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Bartning ◽  
Fanny Forsberg Lundell ◽  
Victorine Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Nonnative Speakers ◽  
Processing Load ◽  
Formulaic Sequences ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Additional Explanation

The purpose of this article is to offer contextual linguistic explanations for morphosyntactic deviances (MSDs) in high-level second language (L2) French (30 nonnative speakers vs. 10 native speakers). It is hypothesized that the distribution of formulaic sequences (FSs) and the complexity of information structure will influence the occurrence of MSDs. The study reports that MSDs rarely occur within FSs, and if they do, they occur within sequences containing open slots for creative rule application. The rhematic part of the utterance attracts more MSDs due to the fact that this part is more syntactically complex than the preamble (the thematic part). An additional explanation is the mean length of the rhematic part, which is longer than the preamble and implies a higher processing load. A final explanation of MSD occurrence in the rheme is linked to the distribution of FSs in the information structure. The results are discussed in relation to the ongoing debate on the constructs of complexity, accuracy, and fluency—a promising area of study.

Beyond advanced stages in high-level spoken L2 French

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
FANNY FORSBERG LUNDELL ◽  
INGE BARTNING ◽  
HUGUES ENGEL ◽  
ANNA GUDMUNDSON ◽  
VICTORINE HANCOCK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Formulaic Sequences ◽  
Lexical Richness ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
High Level ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
The Continuum

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is twofold: first, to find evidence for additional advanced stages in L2 French. The continuum of Bartning and Schlyter (2004) is taken as a point of departure. It is hypothesized that a number of linguistic criteria will account for high-level proficiency. It was earlier found that besides morpho-syntax, formulaic sequences and information structure are interesting phenomena for highly proficient learners (Bartning, Forsberg and Hancock, 2009). Three more measures are now added, i.e. perceived nativelikeness, lexical richness and fluency.The second aim of this study is to contribute to the debate on the possibility of nativelike attainment. The study shows that several measures are prone to characterise nativelike performance in highly proficient users among whom some attain nativelikeness.

scholarly journals Persepsi dan Tahap Pengetahuan Peserta Dan Agen Takaful Terhadap Pelaksanaan Zakat Takaful: Kajian Di Shah Alam, Selangor (Perceptions and Knowledge Levels of Takaful Participants and Agencies towards Implementation of Takaful Zakat: A Study In Shah Alam, Selangor)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Amirah Jaafar ◽  
Hairunnizam Wahid ◽  
Mohd Ali Mohd Noor
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Push Factor ◽  
Knowledge And Acceptance

When it comes to zakat obligations, people only know certain types of zakat that are obligated to be issued. There are two types of zakat; zakat fitrah and zakat property. However, zakat’s division may vary according to the state's fatwa. In Selangor, Lembaga Zakat Selangor (LZS) is the body that governs the administration and implementation of Zakat. The breakdown of zakat property is Zakat on Income, Zakat on Business, Zakat on Savings, Zakat on Gold and Silver, Zakat on Investments and Shares, Zakat on KWSP, Zakat on Paddy, Zakat on Agriculture, Zakat on Wealth and Treasure, and the Zakat on Takaful. However, this study will only focus on Zakat Takaful. Under Zakat Takaful, there are several divisions which are Zakat Wang Takaful/Takaful Investment, Zakat on Maturity Policy, Takaful Compensation, Tabarruq Fund, Benefit of Total and Permanent Disability, and Compensation of Conventional Insurance Policy. Each of these sections has its calculation method which will be explained further. This study was conducted to identify the level of knowledge and acceptance of Takaful Muslim consumers on the implementation of Zakat Takaful that has been introduced by LZS. Besides, this study will also look at the knowledge of Takaful agents and their willingness to disseminate information of Zakat Takaful to their customers. This study was conducted by using the sampling method and descriptive data analysis. The study found that on average, respondents' knowledge on Zakat Takaful is low with a mean of 2.32. However, the mean for acceptance is 3.93 which is set at a high level thus showed a good acceptance of the survey respondents. Through this study, it can be concluded that knowledge and acceptance are both very important in achieving the objective of implementing Zakat Takaful. Knowledge by Takaful participants who are also assisted by agents who play the role of conveying knowledge of Zakat Takaful is directly perceived to have a more effective effect in addition to the behavior/attitude that forms the intention of Takaful participnts to accept the implementation and to pay Zakah Takaful. This study is also expected to be the push factor among the zakat agents to play a role in disseminating the right information about Zakat Takaful to their customers, which also can be regarded as one of the da'wah forms.

scholarly journals AUTHENTICITY WITHIN THE EIL PARADIGM

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
I.Y ZHEBRATKINA ◽  
◽  
V.V ROMANOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
International Communication ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
International Language ◽  
High Level

The purpose of this work is to study the relevance of the phenomenon of authenticity in the expanding context of English as an International Language (EIL). Based on the data of modern science on this issue, as well as on the results obtained during the generalization and analysis of existing experience, we concluded that authenticity should be considered within the framework of English as an international language, taking into account the inevitable need to adapt extralinguistic elements to the situation of international communication, while paying due attention to the need to comply with the norms of native speakers in phonology and grammar. Authenticity within the paradigm of English as an International language presupposes pragmatic conformity: these are correctly, methodically selected materials included in a language learning course, correspondence of the materials to the needs of students, their language level, presentation of the material by the developers taking into account an international factor. One cannot fail to note a unique role of an English teacher and his irreplaceable contribution to communicative capabilities and authenticating abilities. Thus, authenticity within the framework of English as an International language requires interaction of language itself, dynamically developing and subject to various kinds of changes, students, teachers, authors of textbooks of a new rank, who take into account the needs of international communication and contextual factors as well. We shouldn`t not forget about native speakers who undoubtedly contribute to the development of English as an International language. But we need to note that, standards of native speakers are not primary for authentication process, but auxiliary. We are profoundly convinced that this cooperation will surely result in the so-called "strong" students - these are students with a high level of English proficiency, who will easily challenge international communication environment with mutual understanding at the intercultural level.

NS and NNS processing of idioms and nonidiom formulaic sequences: What can reaction times and think-alouds tell us?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Hang Zheng ◽  
Melissa A. Bowles ◽  
Jerome L. Packard
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Nonnative Speakers ◽  
Formulaic Sequences ◽  
Psychological Reality ◽  
Think Alouds ◽  
Acceptability Judgment

Abstract Although researchers generally agree that native speakers (NSs) process formulaic sequences (FSs) holistically to some extent, findings about nonnative speakers (NNSs) are conflicting, potentially because not all FSs are psychologically equal or because in some studies NNSs may not have fully understood the FSs. We address these issues by investigating Chinese NSs and NNSs processing of idioms and matched nonidiom FSs in phrase acceptability judgment tasks with and without think-alouds (TAs). Reaction times show that NSs processed idioms faster than nonidioms regardless of length, but NNSs processed 3-character FSs faster than 4-character FSs regardless of type. TAs show NSs’ understanding of FSs has reached ceiling, but NNSs’ understanding was incomplete, with idioms being understood more poorly than nonidioms. Although we conclude that idioms and nonidioms have different mental statuses in NSs’ lexicons, it is inconclusive how they are represented by NNSs. TAs also show that NNSs employed various strategies to compensate for limited idiom knowledge, causing comparable processing speed for idioms and nonidioms. The findings highlight the importance of distinguishing subtypes of FSs and considering NNSs’ quality of understanding in discussions of the psychological reality of FSs.

Perspective discursive et influence translinguistique

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Benazzo ◽  
Cecilia Andorno ◽  
Grazia Interlandi ◽  
Cédric Patin
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Information Unit ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Discourse Organization ◽  
Grammatical Structures ◽  
Selection Of

This paper aims to study perspective-taking in L2 discourse at the level of utterance information structure. Many studies have shown how principles of discourse organization partly reflect lexico-grammatical structures available in a given language, and how difficult it is to reorganize L1 discursive habits when acquiring an L2 in adulthood. In this study we compare how L2 learners of Romance languages (French, Italian), with either a Romance or a Germanic language as an L1, organize the information structure of utterances relating contrasting events. Native speakers of Germanic and Romance languages show systematic differences in the selection of the information unit — referential entities or predicate polarity — on which the contrast is highlighted (Dimroth et al. 2010) ; moreover, they differ in the lexical, prosodic and morpho-syntactic means used to achieve this goal. Our data show that L2 learners can adopt the target language perspective in the selection of the information unit to contrast, when the input offers clear evidence for it. However, their choice of linguistic means reveals both the influence of the L1 and the role of more general acquisitional principles, which are still active at the advanced level.

Effects of speech rate, phonetic background and gender on vowel reduction in the speech of nonnative speakers of English

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogna Brzezicha ◽  
Małgorzata Kul
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Nonnative Speakers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vowel Reduction ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Nonnative Speakers Of English ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThe paper reports the results of a study investigating vowel reduction in the speech of non-native speakers of English. The aim was to unravel the links between reduction and speech rate, phonetic training and gender. We hypothesized that (i) Polish speakers of English reduce vowels; (ii) they speak slower than native speakers; (iii) the higher the rate, the higher the reduction degree; (iv) speakers with phonetic training reduce less than those lacking it; (v) male subjects reduce more than the female ones. In order to realize these aims, an acoustic analysis of vowels was performed on 2 hrs 42 mins of speech produced by 12 Polish speakers of English. The subjects were di-vided into an experimental group consisting of 6 students of English and a control group with 6 speakers who had no phonetic training. The obtained results positively verify that non-native speakers reduce vowels and cast some doubts on whether they speak slower than native speakers. The role of rate and gender could not be established due to statistical and methodological issues. The group with no phonetic training outperformed the group which underwent phonetic training, pointing instead to the role of exposure and perhaps music training in acquiring native-like reduction patterns.

scholarly journals The Processing of Formulaic Language

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy Conklin ◽  
Norbert Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Nonnative Speakers ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Formulaic Sequences ◽  
Lexical Bundles ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Word Selection ◽  
The Brain

It is generally accepted that we store representations of individual words in our mental lexicon. There is growing agreement that the lexicon also contains formulaic language (How are you? kick the bucket). In fact, there are compelling reasons to think that the brain represents formulaic sequences in long-term memory, bypassing the need to compose them online through word selection and grammatical sequencing in capacity-limited working memory. The research surveyed in this chapter strongly supports the position that there is an advantage in the way that native speakers process formulaic language compared to nonformulaic language. This advantage extends to the access and use of different types of formulaic language, including idioms, binomials, collocations, and lexical bundles. However, the evidence is mixed for nonnative speakers. While very proficient nonnatives sometimes exhibit processing advantages similar to natives, less proficient learners often have been shown to process formulaic language in a word-by-word manner similar to nonformulaic language. Furthermore, if the formulaic language is idiomatic (where the meaning cannot be understood from the component words), the figurative meanings can be much more difficult to process for nonnatives than nonidiomatic, nonformulaic language.

scholarly journals Social Support And Job Satisfaction Among Academicians: A Comparison Between Public And Private University In Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5C) ◽  
pp. 449-456
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Private University ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
University Level ◽  
High Level

The role of social support at workplace become one of the most important variables that can give impact on employee’s attitude. Closely related to employee’s performance, many studies have confirmed the role of social support in enhancing employee’s job satisfaction. The aims of this research is two-folds. First, to investigate the differences and second to compare the effect of social support on job satisfaction among academicians in Malaysia. Overall, a total of 420 samples were obtained, wherein 210 participants withdrawn from each setting. Data was collected using self-administrated questionnaire, and analyzed using SPSS version 22. The finding suggested that social support levels (i.e. supervisor support and co-worker support) are higher among academicians in private university. Level of job satisfaction, otherwise is higher among public university. Overall, the mean values indicated high level of social support and job satisfaction among academicians in both university. Analysis of t-Test revealed that there is no significant differences in terms of social support, however the significant being observed in terms of job satisfaction between academicians in Malaysia public and private university. This study also ascertained the positive impact of social support on job satisfaction to both samples. Implication of this study includes empirical contribution and deliberation on social support and job satisfaction. Suggestion from this study includes improving social support to enhance overall academicians’ job satisfaction.

scholarly journals UTERINE SCAR FORMATION AND EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROTEINS

2020 ◽  
pp. 132-136
Author(s):  
D. M. Zhelezov ◽  
T. O. Savenko
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Uterine Wall ◽  
Collagen Types ◽  
Previous Surgery ◽  
Perinatal Center ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Uterine Scar ◽  
High Level

The aim of the study – to evaluate the role of expression of specific connective tissue proteins in the formation of the scar on the uterus. Materials and Methods. The study was performed on the basis of the regional perinatal center and KU PB No. 5 during 2017–2019. 426 women with a scar on the uterus were examined, including 115 (27.0 %) with two or more scars. The mean age of the subjects was (33.4±1.1) years. The results of sonographic studies were analyzed. For pathomorphological examination, three cases of intranatal rupture of the uterine wall along the “old” scar after cesarean section from middle-aged women with a gestational age of 33 to 40 weeks are presented. The expression of collagen types 1 and 3 and the protein of the intermediate filaments of the muscle tissue of desmin was determined using a semi-quantitative method with the calculation of H-score. Results and Discussion. Analysis of ultrasound data showed that the average assessment of the degree of insolvency of the scar on the uterus was in the examined women X=(1.3±0.2) points, a high level of insolvency was found in 114 (26.8 %) pregnant women. At the same time, 225 (52.8 %) pregnant women showed no signs of scar failure at all. In 87 (20.4 %) one sign of uterine scar failure was found, in 76 (17.8 %) – two signs, in 20 (4.7 %) – three signs, and in 18 (4.2 %) – four signs. Subsequently, 44 (10.3 %) women were born operatively, the rest gave birth per via naturales. Local myometrial defect after ultrasound delivery was detected in 25 of 182 (13.7 %) women who gave birth independently. Conclusions. A high level of scar failure risk is found in 26.8 % of pregnant women. H-score valuesfor collagen types 1 and 3 averaged (212±24) and (188±22), for desmin – (193±17). Thus, reparative processes at the site of previous surgery on the uterine wall are by incomplete regeneration (substitution) and compensatory hyperplasia of structural tissue elements.

scholarly journals The Role of Social Communication Networks in Constructing Public Opinion among Students at Saudi Arabian Universities (Umm AlQura University as a model)

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 395
Author(s):  
Osamah Ghazi Almadani
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

The study aimed to investigate the role of social communication networks in constructing public opinion among students at Saudi Arabian Universities. This study is descriptive in nature and used the survey method. The sample of the study consisted of N 200 students from Umm Alqura university from the practical and theoretical colleges (College of social sciences- Colleges of medical sciences- Colleges of applied sciences). The tools of the study included a questionnaire – public opinion construction scale for the students at Saudi Arabian universities. The results of the study indicated that a high level percentage in constructing public opinion came from the students who used the social communication websites which was 41.86%, where the intermediate level was 55.23%, while the low level was 2.91%.The results showed also that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean score of the study sample in the scale of the role of social communication networks in constructing public opinion among the students according to the different levels in using different social communication networks. There is a statistically significant difference between the mean score of the study sample in the scale of the role of social communication networks in using social communication through the internet according to the different level of experience in using the internet among the participants. 

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