scholarly journals Stereotype or grammar? The representation of gender when two-year-old and three-year-old French-speaking toddlers listen to role nouns

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1292-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARIK LÉVY ◽  
PASCAL GYGAX ◽  
UTE GABRIEL ◽  
PASCAL ZESIGER
Keyword(s):  
Old French ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
Preferential Looking ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
The Given ◽  
Mixed Gender

AbstractUsing a preferential looking paradigm, the current study examined the role that grammatical gender plays when preschool French-speaking toddlers process role nouns in the masculine form (e.g.,chanteursmasculine‘singers’). While being auditorily prompted with “Look at the ‘a role noun’!”, two- and three-year-olds were presented with two pictures of two characters (‘boy–boy’ versus ‘girl–boy’) with attributes of the given role noun (e.g., singers with microphone and music notes). All role nouns were presented in the masculine plural form, which, despite its use to refer to mixed-gender groups, can be interpreted as referring to men. We expected toddlers to be biased by stereotypes, yet when non-stereotypical role nouns were presented, toddlers were not influenced by grammatical gender, but by their own sex (even more so for three-year-old toddlers). The absence of sensitivity to grammatical cues for either age group is discussed in terms of the developmental awareness of grammatical gender.

Anna Russakoff, Imagining the Miraculous: Miraculous Images of the Virgin Mary in French Illuminated Manuscripts, ca. 1250-ca. 1450. Studies and Texts, 215; Text Image Context: Studies in Medieval Manuscript Illumination, 7. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2019, xviii, 194 pp., ill.

Mediaevistik ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 541-544
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Bayo
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Old French ◽  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Medieval Manuscript ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Image Context ◽  
Panel Paintings

This monograph deals with illuminated manuscripts created in French-speaking regions from the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fifteenth century, i.e., from the earliest narratives of Marian miracles written in <?page nr="542"?>Old French to the codices produced at the Burgundian court at the waning of the Middle Ages. Its focus, however, is very specific: it is a systematic analysis of the miniatures depicting both material representations of the Virgin (mainly sculptures, but also icons, panel paintings, altarpieces or reliquaries) and the miracles performed by them, usually as Mary’s reaction to a prayer (or an insult) to one of Her images.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF INDONESIAN LOANWORDS FROM FRENCH

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Tri Indri Hardini ◽  
Philippe Grangé
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Old French ◽  
The Other ◽  
French Language ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Reciprocal Influence ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
Faux Amis

When two languages come into contact, they exert a reciprocal influence, often unbalanced. A phenomenon that often occurs in case of language contact is the absorption or borrowing of lexical elements, which will enrich the vocabulary of the receiving language. In this article, we deal with words adopted from French in Indonesian and vice-versa. This research shows that most of the words of French origin in Indonesian/Malay language were borrowed through Dutch. Historical background explains why there are no direct loanwords from French language in Indonesian. Nowadays, a second batch of words originating from Old French finds their way into Indonesian through English. On the other hand, very few words from Malay-Indonesian origin were borrowed in French, and their route was not straight either: they were conveyed through Portuguese or Dutch. Phonological adaptation and shift of meaning may have happen when the words were loaned from French to Dutch language or later, when adapted from Dutch into Indonesian language. The data analysed in this article may help teachers of French as a Foreign Language in Indonesia, as well as teachers of Indonesian as a Foreign Language in French-speaking countries, to predict which words will be immediately recognized by their students, and when they should pay extra-attention to faux-amis (cognates whose meanings differ).

scholarly journals Talking About the Non-Literal: Internal States and Explanations in Child-Constructed Narratives

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edy Veneziano
Keyword(s):  
Old French ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Narrative Skills ◽  
Children's Narratives ◽  
Internal States ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Children's Attention ◽  
Evaluative Instrument ◽  
Children's Stories

Abstract Non-literal language most often permeates interesting and informative narratives. These are the non-perceptible, inferential aspects of a story, such as the explanation of events, the attribution of internal, particularly mental, states to the characters of the story, or the evaluation of events by the participants and/or the narrator. The main aim of this paper is to examine whether non-literal uses can be promoted in 7-year-old French-speaking children’s narratives through the use of a short conversational intervention (SCI) which focuses the children’s attention on the causes of events. The results show that, after the SCI, the expression of non-literal aspects, even higher-order ones, may make their appearance or significantly increase in children’s stories. The reasons for the effectiveness of the SCI in the promotion of non-literal uses of language and narrative skills in general, as well as the importance of using the SCI as an evaluative instrument, are discussed.

scholarly journals Drinking with mixed-gender groups is associated with heavy weekend drinking among young adults

Addiction ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Thrul ◽  
Florian Labhart ◽  
Emmanuel Kuntsche
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
Mixed Gender

A Meta-Analysis of Rape Education Programs

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne R. Brecklin ◽  
David R. Forde
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Gender ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Unpublished Studies ◽  
Program Characteristics ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
Rape Education ◽  
Mixed Gender

Meta-analysis of evaluation studies of rape education programs aimed at college students examined which program characteristics were related to participants’ rape-supportive attitude change. Linear regression analyses revealed that: (a) published studies yielded greater attitude change than dissertations, presentations, or unpublished studies; (b) attitude change declined over time; and (c) men in mixed-gender groups experienced less attitude change after interventions than men in single-gender groups. Implications for the development of effective rape education programs are discussed.

scholarly journals Gender differences in online collaborative learning groups promoting affective education and social capital

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (spe) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mebane Minou Ella ◽  
Sorace Roberta ◽  
Solimeno Andrea ◽  
Tomai Manuela
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Learning ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Affective Education ◽  
Learning Groups ◽  
Online Collaborative Learning ◽  
Psychology Majors ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Mixed Gender

This paper reports the results of a study aimed to establish whether the amount and types of conflicts vary in all male, all female and mixed gender groups working in asynchronous collaborative learning online settings. Sixty psychology majors were divided into three groups conducted online by the same teacher. The study show that the levels of participation in the three groups varied in relation to gender composition. Further the results evidenced all female group did have more conflicts then male and mixed groups, but primarily they did not have interpersonal. The female groups´ conflicts seem to be related to goal-oriented process of work.

scholarly journals Clinicopathological study of benign breast diseases a study of 50 cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1462
Author(s):  
Manish Chaudhary ◽  
Purvesh Bhat ◽  
Vedant Wankhede ◽  
Jigar Aagja ◽  
Dhaval Rathva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Diseases ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Benign Breast Diseases ◽  
Fibrocystic Change ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Breast Condition ◽  
Malignant Breast ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Given

Background: Benign breast diseases are a neglected entity in developing countries despite the fact that they involved in the majority of breast complaints. Benign breast disorders can be defined as any non-malignant breast condition and involved wide range of clinical and pathological disorders. Breast diseases present as swellings. It is a symptom/sign for a different lesion varying from developmental abnormality, inflammatory lesions, epithelial and stromal proliferation to malignancy. Patients were studied on the basis of i.e., clinically, and histopathological ultrasound has done. Our purpose of study is to document various benign Brest diseases to study different mode of presentations of diseases and correlation of clinical and pathological diagnosisMethods: The given study was a prospective and observational study, undertaken in the department of general surgery, govt. medical college Surat, during the study period of March 2018 to September 2019.All the female and male patients with breast related disease were included in this study. Female patients with biopsy proven malignancy were excluded from the study.Results: The study comprised of 50 patients with benign breast diseases; the most common is Fibro adenoma which formed 68% then fibrocystic diseases 20%. With most common age group involved in our study is 21-30 years.Conclusions: Benign breast diseases are more common but ignored entity though it carries majority of complaints and occur mainly in young women less than 30 years of age and were mostly fibro adenoma and fibrocystic change.

scholarly journals Shooting Parameters of Biathletes in Various Age Groups in 2011–2012 World Championships

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Kreivėnaitė
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Youth Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Youth Groups ◽  
Gender Research ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

Research background and hypothesis. Physical fitness problems in biathlon are quite extensively discussed, but biathlon shooting in Lithuania is not analyzed enough. The special literature lacks information about the shooting parameters that leaders demonstrate in the world biathlon championships. Moreover, shooting parameters in different age and gender groups have not been analyzed enough. The hypothesis that shooting parameters in adult, youth and junior age group biathletes would differ was tested. Research aim. The aim of our study was to analyze shooting parameters of biathletes in various age groups in 2011–2012 world championships and reveal fundamental differences in the aspects of age and gender. Research methods. Research participants were youths (age: 17–18 years), juniors (age: 19–20 years) and adults (age: 21–41 years), male and female biathletes. The number of subjects was 2175. Descriptive statistical methods were used for data analysis.Research results. Data analysis revealed the main differences in shooting parameters between adult, junior and youth groups, male and female biathletes. Also, comparison of shooting parameters between biathletes in various age groups and leaders in the same group was carried out. Discussion and conclusions. Our research revealed that the highest shooting accuracy was observed in adult male and female biathlete groups (p < 0.025). The shooting accuracy of junior and youth female biathletes was higher than that in the junior and youth male groups (p < 0.05). The longest average shooting time was in youth group (p < 0.001). The shooting time of biathletes in adult group was the shortest. We found that male biathletes in various age groups performed shots in less time compared to female biathletes (p < 0.05). Research results revealed that shooting parameters among leaders statistically significantly differed comparing them with the average shooting parameters in the group (p < 0.05).Keywords: biathlon, shooting accuracy, shooting time.

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