A finite set of generators for the homeotopy group of a 2-manifold

1964 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. R. Lickorish
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Euclidean Plane ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
Linear Homeomorphism ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Image Position

The homeotopy group Λx of a space X is the group of all homeomorphisms of X to itself, modulo the subgroup of those homeomorphisms that are isotopic to the identity. In this paper X will be taken to be a closed oriented 2-manifold, together with a polyhedral structure, and the definition of Λx is then restricted to the consideration of piecewise-linear homeomorphisms and isotopies. Although this restriction to the polyhedral category is not really essential to what follows, it does tend to simplify some of the arguments. In (2) a homeomorphism of X was associated with every simple closed (polyhedral) curve c in X in the following way. First, let A be an annulus in the Euclidean plane parametrized by (r, θ) where 1 ≤ r ≤ 2 and θ is a real number mod 2 π. We define a homeomorphism H: A → A byH is then fixed on the boundary of A. If now e: A → X is an orientation-preserving embedding, and eA is a neighbourhood of c in X, then eHe−1|eA can be extended by the identity on X − eA to a homeomorphism h:X → X. Any piecewise linear homeomorphism hc which is isotopic to h will be called a twist about c or, if c is not specified, just a twist.

The Structure of the Algebra of Hankel Transforms and the Algebra of Hankel-Stieltjes Transforms

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Banach Space ◽  
Entire Function ◽  
Power Series ◽  
Real Number ◽  
Stieltjes Transform ◽  
Borel Measures ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Complex Valued ◽  
Stieltjes Transforms

Let M be the space of all bounded regular complex-valued Borel measures defined on I = [0, ∞). M is a Banach space with ‖μ‖ = ∫d|μ|(x) (μ ∈ M). (Integrals in this paper extend over all of I unless otherwise specified.) Let v be a fixed real number no smaller than and let if z ≠ 0 and , where Jv, is the Bessel function of the first kind of order v and cv =[2vΓ(v + 1)]–1; is an entire function, as can be seen from the power series definition ofThe Hankel-Stieltjes transform of order v is given by .

scholarly journals Fixed Point of Interpolative Rus–Reich–Ćirić Contraction Mapping on Rectangular Quasi-Partial b-Metric Space

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Pragati Gautam ◽  
Luis Manuel Sánchez Ruiz ◽  
Swapnil Verma
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Fixed Point Theorem ◽  
Real Number ◽  
Metric Space ◽  
Contraction Mapping ◽  
Metric Spaces ◽  
Rectangular Metric Space ◽  
New Type ◽  
Symmetry Requirement ◽  
Definition Of

The purpose of this study is to introduce a new type of extended metric space, i.e., the rectangular quasi-partial b-metric space, which means a relaxation of the symmetry requirement of metric spaces, by including a real number s in the definition of the rectangular metric space defined by Branciari. Here, we obtain a fixed point theorem for interpolative Rus–Reich–Ćirić contraction mappings in the realm of rectangular quasi-partial b-metric spaces. Furthermore, an example is also illustrated to present the applicability of our result.

Towards a computational theory of social groups: A finite set of cognitive primitives for representing any and all social groups in the context of conflict

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-62
Author(s):  
David Pietraszewski
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Group Representation ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Computational Theory ◽  
Mistaken Belief ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract We don't yet have adequate theories of what the human mind is representing when it represents a social group. Worse still, many people think we do. This mistaken belief is a consequence of the state of play: Until now, researchers have relied on their own intuitions to link up the concept social group on the one hand, and the results of particular studies or models on the other. While necessary, this reliance on intuition has been purchased at considerable cost. When looked at soberly, existing theories of social groups are either (i) literal, but not remotely adequate (such as models built atop economic games), or (ii) simply metaphorical (typically a subsumption or containment metaphor). Intuition is filling in the gaps of an explicit theory. This paper presents a computational theory of what, literally, a group representation is in the context of conflict: it is the assignment of agents to specific roles within a small number of triadic interaction types. This “mental definition” of a group paves the way for a computational theory of social groups—in that it provides a theory of what exactly the information-processing problem of representing and reasoning about a group is. For psychologists, this paper offers a different way to conceptualize and study groups, and suggests that a non-tautological definition of a social group is possible. For cognitive scientists, this paper provides a computational benchmark against which natural and artificial intelligences can be held.

Pascal's Prism

2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (536) ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
Harlan J. Brothers
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Fractal Geometry ◽  
Euclidean Geometry ◽  
Fibonacci Series ◽  
Pascal’S Triangle ◽  
Number Sequences ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Pascal's Triangle

Pascal's triangle is well known for its numerous connections to probability theory [1], combinatorics, Euclidean geometry, fractal geometry, and many number sequences including the Fibonacci series [2,3,4]. It also has a deep connection to the base of natural logarithms, e [5]. This link to e can be used as a springboard for generating a family of related triangles that together create a rich combinatoric object.2. From Pascal to LeibnizIn Brothers [5], the author shows that the growth of Pascal's triangle is related to the limit definition of e.Specifically, we define the sequence sn; as follows [6]:

Mesh duality and Legendre duality

1990 ◽  
Vol 428 (1875) ◽  
pp. 351-377 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
Voronoi Tessellation ◽  
Tangent Plane ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Piecewise Linear Functions ◽  
Dual Transformation ◽  
Delaunay Mesh ◽  
Definition Of

We describe a sense in which mesh duality is equivalent to Legendre duality. That is, a general pair of meshes, which satisfy a definition of duality for meshes, are shown to be the projection of a pair of piecewise linear functions that are dual to each other in the sense of a Legendre dual transformation. In applications the latter functions can be a tangent plane approximation to a smoother function, and a chordal plane approximation to its Legendre dual. Convex examples include one from meteorology, and also the relation between the Delaunay mesh and the Voronoi tessellation. The latter are shown to be the projections of tangent plane and chordal approximations to the same paraboloid.

scholarly journals Homogeneous orbit closures and applications

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 785-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELON LINDENSTRAUSS ◽  
URI SHAPIRA
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Unit Volume ◽  
Orbit Closures ◽  
Image Position

AbstractWe give new classes of examples of orbits of the diagonal group in the space of unit volume lattices in ℝd for d≥3 with nice (homogeneous) orbit closures, as well as examples of orbits with explicitly computable but irregular orbit closures. We give Diophantine applications to the former; for instance, we show that, for all γ,δ∈ℝ, where 〈c〉 denotes the distance of a real number c to the integers.

Falconer's formula for the Hausdorff dimension of a self-affine set in R2

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Hueter ◽  
Steven P. Lalley
Keyword(s):  
Hausdorff Dimension ◽  
Dimensional Hausdorff Measure ◽  
Similarity Transformations ◽  
Affine Mappings ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
Self Similar ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Affine Set ◽  
Small Overlap ◽  
Box Dimensions

Let A1, A2,…,Ak be a finite set of contractive, affine, invertible self-mappings of R2. A compact subset Λ of R2 is said to be self-affine with affinitiesA1, A2,…,Ak ifIt is known [8] that for any such set of contractive affine mappings there is a unique (compact) SA set with these affinities. When the affine mappings A1, A2,…,Ak are similarity transformations, the set Λ is said to be self-similar. Self-similar sets are well understood, at least when the images Ai(Λ) have ‘small’ overlap: there is a simple and explicit formula for the Hausdorff and box dimensions [12, 10]; these are always equal; and the δ-dimensional Hausdorff measure of such a set (where δ is the Hausdorff dimension) is always positive and finite.

scholarly journals Quantifying Noninvertibility in Discrete Dynamical Systems

10.37236/9475 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Defant ◽  
James Propp
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Real Number ◽  
Arbitrary Function ◽  
Discrete Dynamical Systems ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
Natural Measure ◽  
Stack Sorting ◽  
Finite Set

Given a finite set $X$ and a function $f:X\to X$, we define the \emph{degree of noninvertibility} of $f$ to be $\displaystyle\deg(f)=\frac{1}{|X|}\sum_{x\in X}|f^{-1}(f(x))|$. This is a natural measure of how far the function $f$ is from being bijective. We compute the degrees of noninvertibility of some specific discrete dynamical systems, including the Carolina solitaire map, iterates of the bubble sort map acting on permutations, bubble sort acting on multiset permutations, and a map that we call "nibble sort." We also obtain estimates for the degrees of noninvertibility of West's stack-sorting map and the Bulgarian solitaire map. We then turn our attention to arbitrary functions and their iterates. In order to compare the degree of noninvertibility of an arbitrary function $f:X\to X$ with that of its iterate $f^k$, we prove that \[\max_{\substack{f:X\to X\\ |X|=n}}\frac{\deg(f^k)}{\deg(f)^\gamma}=\Theta(n^{1-1/2^{k-1}})\] for every real number $\gamma\geq 2-1/2^{k-1}$. We end with several conjectures and open problems.  

scholarly journals Determination of the Starting Point in Time Series for Trend Detection Based on Overlapping Trend

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
Gao Xuedong ◽  
Gu Kan
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Trend Detection ◽  
Computational Accuracy ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Time Series Studies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Stage Characteristic

Abstract The traditional time series studies consider the time series as a whole while carrying on the trend detection; therefore not enough attention is paid to the stage characteristic. On the other hand, the piecewise linear fitting type methods for trend detection are lacking consideration of the possibility that the same node belongs to multiple trends. The above two methods are affected by the start position of the sequence. In this paper, the concept of overlapping trend is proposed, and the definition of milestone nodes is given on its base; these way not only the recognition of overlapping trend is realized, but also the negative influence of the starting point of sequence is effectively reduced. The experimental results show that the computational accuracy is not affected by the improved algorithm and the time cost is greatly reduced when dealing with the processing tasks on dynamic growing data sequence.

The Static Aeroelasticity of Slender Configurations

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Static Stability ◽  
Aerodynamic Forces ◽  
Flexible Aircraft ◽  
The Past ◽  
Plate Models ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Future ◽  
Static Aeroelasticity ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Image Position

SummaryThe validity and applicability of the static margin (stick fixed) Kn,where as defined by Gates and Lyon is shown to be restricted to the conventional flexible aircraft. Alternative suggestions for the definition of static margin are put forward which can be equally applied to the conventional flexible aircraft of the past and the integrated flexible aircraft of the future. Calculations have been carried out on simple slender plate models with both linear and non-linear aerodynamic forces to assess their static stability characteristics.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document