The Dispute Over a Wuhan Insurrection in 1927

1968 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 108-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiao Tso-Liang
Keyword(s):  
Power Struggle ◽  
Military Leader ◽  
Civil Strife ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Party Power

As a result of the split between the Communists and the Kuomintang at Wuhan in July 1927, the Nationalists managed to set up a unified régime of their own at Nanking. But T'ang Sheng-chih, the KMT military leader at Wuhan, rebelled against that unified régime. So Nanking decided to send troops to fight him on October 24. This KMT civil strife led immediately to an intra-Party power struggle among the Communists who had been forced underground since July. The Communist struggle took the form of a dispute over a proposed insurrection at Wuhan in the event of T'ang Sheng-chih's defeat.

The Bases of Periclean Power: The Stratēgos

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Azoulay
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Military Strategy ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
Military Leader ◽  
Military Command ◽  
Set Up

This chapter examines one of the bases of Pericles' political power: as military leader, which rests upon the office of a stratēgos. It first considers the institutional and military mainsprings of Pericles' authority before discussing the function of a stratēgos and the reasons why the role played by this office was so crucial in Athens. It then explores how Pericles set up a veritable policy for glory, even to the point of singing the praises of his own successes. It also analyzes Pericles' military strategy in the Peloponnesian War and concludes with the argument that Pericles' success rested on military glory—as head of the Athenian armies and navies. The chapter shows that, as a stratēgos in warfare, well accustomed to military command, Pericles dominated Athenian political life for twenty or so years.

scholarly journals FAMINE IN THE COUNTRY IN 1921-1922: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E.N. Ermukanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
The State ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Homeless Children ◽  
Civil Strife ◽  
Special Places ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Local Leaders

The article analyzes the causes and consequences of the fact that the country has experienced three famines since the establishment of Soviet power. The policy of "military communism" during the drought of 1921-1922 was a severe blow to agriculture and led to the spread of famine. During the years of civil strife, the fact that a large part of the population's food was taken for free by the state did not go unnoticed. Especially in Uralsk, Orenburg, Kostanay, Bokei, Aktobe provinces, the drought killed a lot of livestock. The locals were starving. The situation of homeless children was dire. Various infectious diseases and deaths have increased in the country. The state of health care in the country was not critical. This was compounded by the recklessness of local leaders in collecting food taxes and the actions of gangs. During the famine, the leadership of the autonomy took a number of measures. Field hunger commissions have been set up. Homelesschildren were placed in orphanages and special places, and even in other republics and foreign countries.The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the United States have provided humanitarian assistance to help end the famine. The effects of the nearly three-year famine were severe. During these years, about 1 million Kazakhs died of starvation.

The Age of Diversity and Disintegration (1000–1100 CE)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Islamic Architecture ◽  
Civil Strife ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Umayyad Caliphate

This chapter describes how Islamic palatial architecture in Western Mediterranean grew more diverse and adventurous as the Umayyad Caliphate in the Iberian Peninsula and the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa disintegrated into a multiplicity of polities. In the former territory of the Fatimids, the Banī Ḥammād, for example, set up smaller independent states, founding new cities like Qalcat Banī Ḥammād and Biǧāya and employing innovations like the muqarnaṣ-decoration in palace design. On the Iberian Peninsula after the fall of Córdoba to civil strife, the tā’ifa-kings first erected separate city-palaces, castles, and estates, but then began building a kind of blended palatial complex called a qaṣaba. Differences in the palatial architecture between former Umayyad and former Fatimid regions may be attributed to diverging conceptions of space and attitudes about rulership. Islamic architecture also influenced the evolution of Gothic style in the Christian world of the Twelfth Century.

Ayesha Memorial Hospital (A)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. S68-S75
Author(s):  
Mohsin Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Memorial Hospital ◽  
Power Struggle ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
The Status ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Given ◽  
Disciplinary Committee

The case is divided into two parts and an epilogue is provided to the students at the end of the discussion. Case A discusses the protagonist Murtaza’s arrival in a hospital that is affected by a hidden power struggle between opposing parties. In an attempt to exercise his influence and improve the hospital’s operations, the protagonist introduces reforms and changes to the hospital’s processes. However, as a result of his increasing influence and knack for not respecting the status quo, he realizes that there are people in the management who feel threatened by his influence and plan to damage his status in the hospital. At the conclusion of Case A, he has been handed a letter that informs him of a disciplinary committee case against him on serious allegations of misuse of authority, torture and even sexual harassment. He is concerned that he has been set-up by his opponents, who have resources and credibility that might make it difficult for him to escape from this situation unscathed. Thus, in the given situation the protagonist weighs his possible options. Case B concerns how the protagonist responds to his disciplinary committee case. Policy changes previously initiated by the protagonist and his alliance with the vice-president serve as important tools. They neutralize the resources that are used by the protagonist’s opponents in an investigation against him. In the end, the protagonist, therefore, successfully comes out of this situation unscathed. The epilogue discusses how the protagonist’s initial alliance with the vice-president, in light of changing circumstances, begins to wither away, as a mutual opposition that they both once shared also begins to weaken.

scholarly journals Whose Political Constitution? Citizens and Referendums

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 2185-2196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Tierney
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Account ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Power Struggle ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Notable Feature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Zero Sum

One notable feature about the debate between “liberal” and “political” constitutionalism has been its elite focus. The courts and the legislature are discussed in efforts to determine the appropriate role of each in processes of constitution-framing and changing. But this task is often set up implicitly as a zero-sum game. Although it might be claimed that citizens are tangentially relevant to this power struggle, a detailed account of whether citizens should, and how they might, play a direct role in constitutional authorship is seldom, if ever, placed on the table. This paper considers the elite orientation of this debate, questioning whether this is in normative terms acceptable, and in empirical terms credible, particularly as we consider how, over the past three decades, the referendum has emerged as an important vehicle for constitutional change in so many states.

scholarly journals Can Care and Compassion—Be the Ultimate Solution of Terrorism?

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Urmi Ray
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Just War ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Power Struggle ◽  
State Terrorism ◽  
Aum Shinrikyo ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up

<p><em>Like a number of serious problems in our world terrorism is also one of them. Now what do we mean by; ‘terrorism’? It is a political phenomenon, where violence and bloodshed are brought upon the innocent citizens in order to shaken up the Government as it exploits the so-called terrorists. This is a set up which runs parallel with the main stream to devastate the main stream, in a secretive or clandestine method. Thus any violent bloodshed such as killing in robbery or insurgency cannot be called terrorism as there either the cause is not political as in case of killing in robbery; or common men are not targeted as in case of insurgency (although its cause is political). Again Guerilla tactic although is a clandestine or secretive method still it is not terrorism as here the units of the Government, that is innocent citizens are not killed. Revolution also involves violence but unlike terrorism it gains public support.  The terrorists claim that they are actually waging a war against the Government, but in a war certain just rules are followed which states that proportionality between the means and end should be maintained, there should be a legitimate authority waging a war, it goes on within a particular territory, it should have a consistent success rate and most importantly it protects the immunity of the innocent mass. But in terrorism such rules of just war are lacking. Thus terrorism is a political violence between the mighty and the weak, for which it can also be called a class struggle or power struggle, where the weak sect shake the mighty by attacking upon those who are part and parcel of the mighty. This ‘ism’ is thus different from war, insurgency, revolution, crime and guerilla tactic because of its distinct feature that it does not attack its direct victim but attacks its indirect victim. In other words instead of destroying the Government which is guilty to them it attacks the innocent citizens of the Government because they are the units of the Government. Thus if the part is destroyed then the whole would automatically be shaken up. This unique mentality is found only in this ‘ism’ thus it differs from all other instances of violence. Terrorism is of two types—Terrorism from Above and Terrorism from Below. The former is also known as ‘State Sponsored Terrorism’ where the state is found to torture its citizens. The latter is termed ‘Non-State Terrorism’ where the exploited lot terrorizes the state for having been oppressed by it for years. The Non-State Terrorism is formed by the private parties such as Al Qaeda, Aum Shinrikyo, Maoists of India and so on.</em></p>

Ayesha Memorial Hospital (B)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. S76-S79
Author(s):  
Mohsin Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Memorial Hospital ◽  
Power Struggle ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
The Status ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Given ◽  
Disciplinary Committee

The case is divided into two parts, and an epilogue is provided to the students at the end of the discussion. Case A discusses the protagonist’s arrival at a hospital that is affected by a hidden power struggle between opposing parties. In an attempt to exercise his influence and improve the hospital’s operations, the protagonist introduces reforms and changes to the hospital’s processes. However, as a result of his increasing influence and knack for not respecting the status quo, he realizes that there are people in the management who feel threatened by his influence and plan to damage his status in the hospital. At the conclusion of Case A, he has been handed a letter that informs him of a disciplinary committee case against him on serious allegations of misuse of authority, torture and even sexual harassment. He is concerned that he has been set up by his opponents, who have resources and credibility that might make it difficult for him to escape from this situation unscathed. Thus, in the given situation the protagonist weighs his possible options. Case B concerns how the protagonist responds to his disciplinary committee case. Policy changes previously initiated by the protagonist and his alliance with the vice-president serve as important tools. They neutralize the resources that are used by the protagonist’s opponents in an investigation against him. In the end, the protagonist, Murtaza; therefore, successfully comes out of this situation unscathed. The epilogue discusses how the protagonist’s initial alliance with the vice-president, in light of changing circumstances, begins to wither away as the mutual opposition they both once shared also begins to weaken.

The Effects of Drying Techniques on Clay-Rich Soil Texture

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
T. G. Naymik
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quartz Grains

Three techniques were incorporated for drying clay-rich specimens: air-drying, freeze-drying and critical point drying. In air-drying, the specimens were set out for several days to dry or were placed in an oven (80°F) for several hours. The freeze-dried specimens were frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen or in isopentane at near liquid nitrogen temperature and then were immediately placed in the freeze-dry vacuum chamber. The critical point specimens were molded in agar immediately after sampling. When the agar had set up the dehydration series, water-alcohol-amyl acetate-CO2 was carried out. The objectives were to compare the fabric plasmas (clays and precipitates), fabricskeletons (quartz grains) and the relationship between them for each drying technique. The three drying methods are not only applicable to the study of treated soils, but can be incorporated into all SEM clay soil studies.

Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 330-333
Author(s):  
T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽  
M.J. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Biological Materials ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

Eels Under Standing Wave Conditions

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 492-495
Author(s):  
O.L. Krivanek ◽  
J. TaftØ
Keyword(s):  
Standing Wave ◽  
Wave Conditions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
A Site ◽  
Complex Crystal

It is well known that a standing electron wavefield can be set up in a crystal such that its intensity peaks at the atomic sites or between the sites or in the case of more complex crystal, at one or another type of a site. The effect is usually referred to as channelling but this term is not entirely appropriate; by analogy with the more established particle channelling, electrons would have to be described as channelling either through the channels or through the channel walls, depending on the diffraction conditions.

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