The Functions of the Chinese Communist Youth Leagues (1920–1949)

1962 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 75-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus H. Pringsheim
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Young People ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Boy Scouts ◽  
Political Group ◽  
Chambers Of Commerce ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The U.S

The activities and functions of youth organisations are important factors in the life of most, if not all, political movements of the twentieth century. This is true of totalitarian, as well as of more liberally conceived political movements; however, special attention and emphasis has been given to youth organisations in Fascist and Communist societies, where the young people have been forced, pressured, or cajoled into such organisations from an early age and subjected to powerful influences designed to make them faithful and reliable tools or willing helpers of the ruling group or party. Nazi Germany's Hitler Jugend, Fascist Italy's Ballilla, and Soviet Russia's Komsomol are the best known examples of the totalitarian variety of youth organisation. In non-totalitarian societies the young are also given the opportunity to join such groups as the Young Conservatives in the U.K., Young Republicans and Democrats in the U.S., Junior Chambers of Commerce, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts and the like. The difference between youth organisations in the two types of societies, from the Western viewpoint, is that our youth organisations are primarily created for the sake of the young people, who join them voluntarily for the sense of participation and outlet for their energies and talents which such organisations can provide, whereas the totalitarian youth organisations are created for purposes pursued by the ruling political group in those societies, to mould the thinking of youngsters along the desired lines, and to establish an apparatus for control both of the young members and of their relatives and friends. From the Communist viewpoint however, Western youth organisations are politically unsophisticated picnic and camping clubs, which insufficiently prepare young people for the responsibilities facing them in later years and fail to provide them with the ideals for a “correct” political outlook.

Americanization and Beika

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
World War ◽  
Full Membership ◽  
Japanese Immigrants ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gendered Stereotypes ◽  
The U.S

The Americanization movement in the early twentieth century tried to redefine the qualifications for full membership within the nation. In the same period, the anti-Asian movement flourished. Responding actively to the discourses of anti-Japanese (and Asian) movements, Japanese immigrants tried to prove their eligibility for full membership in the U.S. nation by following their own interpretation of Americanization, or Beika (米化‎) in Japanese. The ideas of Beika were based on idealized Japanese virtues, as well as on what was required by the Americanization movement. Even though they used the parallel terms in ideas of Beika, however, the gender discourses such as virtues of Yamatonadeshiko and the definition of family highlighted the difference between the views of Americanization and those of Beika despite their similar intention. This gap in perception might have reinforced the racialized and gendered stereotypes on both sides and hindered mutual understanding before World War II.

scholarly journals LIFE SKILLS OF YOUNG PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES AND YOUTH WITHOUT DISABILITIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Izeta Husić-Đuzić ◽  
◽  
Ševala Tulumović ◽  
Vesna Bratovčić ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Life Skills ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Early Age ◽  
P Values ◽  
Significant Statistical Difference ◽  
Parametric Statistics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Training

The aim of this paper is to determine the differences in life skills of young people with and without disability in chronological age from 18-35 year-old in Tuzla Canton. The respondents sample consists of two sub-samples. First sub-sample contains 50 young people with disability, chronological age from 18-35 of both genders. Second sub-sample contained 50 young people without disability, chronological age from 18- 35 of both genders. Research data were analysed using method of parametric and non-parametric statistics. Frequencies, percentages and measures of central tendency have been calculated (arithmetic mean and standard deviation). P-values have been used for examining the difference between variables and variance analysis has been used for examining the importance of differences. The results show that there is a significant statistical difference between young people with and without disabilities in the of life skills assessed: job retention skills, skills to cope in danger. Based on the results obtained, it is recommended to start the program and training in early age which will make life easier to disabled persons and their families.

Youth as a Political Force in Twentieth-Century Europe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Krawatzek
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Young People ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Central Component ◽  
East European ◽  
Cultural Symbol ◽  
Political Group ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Generational Identity ◽  
The Arab Spring

In the twentieth century, youth emerged as a distinct socio-political group. The First World War constituted a key rupture for generational identity, as youth emerged as a central component of politics and a cultural symbol. Following the decisive role played by youth during the breakdown of the Weimar Republic and the rise of fascism across Europe, disillusion with young people in the West replaced the earlier utopian visions. Only around 1968 did young people resurface politically. Across communist Europe, youth were widely regarded as having contributed to victory during the war, and although some youth challenged such heroic visions, it was only with Gorbachev’s reforms in the 1980s that young people could mobilize politically and contribute to regime breakdown. More recently young people have participated in non-conventional forms of political involvement such as the East European ‘Colour Revolutions’, the Arab Spring, and opposition to austerity policies in Europe.

Blackness, Imperialism, and Nationalism in Dominican Children's Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
Stacy Ann Creech
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Children's Literature ◽  
Young People ◽  
Educational Reform ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Specific Construction

From pre-Columbian times through to the twentieth century, Dominican children's literature has struggled to define itself due to pressures from outside forces such as imperialism and colonialism. This paper examines the socio-political contexts within Dominican history that determined the kind of literature available to children, which almost exclusively depicted a specific construction of indigeneity, European or Anglo-American characters and settings, in an effort to efface the country's African roots. After the Educational Reform of 1993 was instituted, however, there has been a promising change in the field, as Dominican writers are engaged in producing literature for young people that includes more accurate representations of Blackness and multiculturalism.

МОДА ЯК ВИДОВИЩЕ: ЕТНОКУЛЬТУРНІ ТА МІФОЛОГІЧНІ ВИМІРИ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Admink Admink
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Young People ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Ethnic Culture ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Variety Show

Прослідковуються урбанізаційні та дезурбанізаційні процеси в моді ХХ ст. Звернено увагу на недостатню вивченість питань естетичних та культурологічних аспектів формування моди як видовища в контексті образного простору культури повсякдення. Визначено видовищні виміри модної діяльності як комунікативної сцени. Наголошено на необхідності актуалізації народних мотивів свята, творчості в гурті, певної стилізації у митців та дизайнерів моди мистецтва ностальгійного, втраченого світу з метою осягнення фольклорної, глибинної стихії моди як екомунікативного простору культури повсякдення. Ключові слова: міф, мода, етнокультура, етнос, свято, площа Ключові слова: міф, мода, етнокультура, етнос, свято, площа. According to E. Moren ethnic cultural influences take place in urbanized environment and turn it into "island ontology".Everyday life ethnic culture is differentiated, specified as a certain type of spectacle. However, all that powerful cosmologism, which used to exist as an open-air theater in settlements, near rivers, grasslands, roads, is disappearing. The everyday life culture loses imperatives, patterns, and cosmological designs, where, for example, the “plahta” contains rhombuses, squares, and rectangles - images of the earth, and the top of the costume symbolizes the sky. Yes, the symbolic marriage of earth and sky was a prerequisite for marrying young people. The article deals with traces of the urbanization and deurbanization processes in the twentieth century fashion.Key words: ethnic culture, culture of everyday life, ethnics, holidays, variety show, knockabout comedy, square.

Rhythm

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lexi Eikelboom
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Embodied Experience ◽  
Giorgio Agamben ◽  
The Social ◽  
Contemporary Philosopher ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Theoretical Category

This book argues that, as a pervasive dimension of human existence with theological implications, rhythm ought to be considered a category of theological significance. Philosophers and theologians have drawn on rhythm—patterned movements of repetition and variation—to describe reality, however, the ways in which rhythm is used and understood differ based on a variety of metaphysical commitments with varying theological implications. This book brings those implications into the open, using resources from phenomenology, prosody, and the social sciences to analyse and evaluate uses of rhythm in metaphysical and theological accounts of reality. The analysis relies on a distinction from prosody between a synchronic approach to rhythm—observing the whole at once and considering how various dimensions of a rhythm hold together harmoniously—and a diachronic approach—focusing on the ways in which time unfolds as the subject experiences it. The text engages with the twentieth-century Jesuit theologian Erich Przywara alongside thinkers as diverse as Augustine and the contemporary philosopher Giorgio Agamben, and proposes an approach to rhythm that serves the concerns of theological conversation. It demonstrates the difference that including rhythm in theological conversation makes to how we think about questions such as “what is creation?” and “what is the nature of the God–creature relationship?” from the perspective of rhythm. As a theoretical category, capable of expressing metaphysical commitments, yet shaped by the cultural rhythms in which those expressing such commitments are embedded, rhythm is particularly significant for theology as a phenomenon through which culture and embodied experience influence doctrine.

Is Government Growth Inevitable?

2019 ◽  
pp. 587-604
Author(s):  
Randall G. Holcombe
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Size Of Government ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Government Growth ◽  
Equilibrium Size ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
The U.S

Despite massive worldwide growth of government in the twentieth century, there have been periods in the U.S. and other countries when growth has slowed or reversed. Government growth is not inevitable. Explanations of government growth fall into three major categories. Path-dependent theories emphasize factors that continually push the size of government up, so the current size is in part a function of its past size. Theories about the equilibrium size of government explain why government is big, but not why government grows. If equilibrium conditions change, that can produce government growth. Theories also describe ideological shifts that cause people to want, or at least accept, bigger governments. All these explanations could have an effect on government growth. However, none appears to be persuasive enough to explain all the growth that occurred.

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and the difference geography makes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Time And Space ◽  
Textual Practice ◽  
Reparative Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick

Ruez and Cockayne point out that queer theorist Eve Sedgwick’s reflections on paranoid and reparative readings accompanying one another came directly out of her queer political as well as textual practice in the U.S. Wrongly dismissed as mundane, this crucial contextualizing work is something geographers do especially well. Indeed, understanding the context for Sedgwick’s theories of paranoid and reparative reading is vital as we reflect on how her concepts travel across time and space.

The Argentine Allusion: On the Significance of the Southern Cone in Early Twentieth-Century São Paulo

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-87
Author(s):  
James P. Woodard
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Home State ◽  
American Intellectual ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThis article examines a much cited but little understood aspect of the Latin American intellectual and cultural ferment of the 1910s and 1920s: the frequency with which intellectuals from the southeastern Brazilian state of São Paulo referred to developments in post Sáenz Peña Argentina, and to a lesser extent in Uruguay and Chile. In books, pamphlets, speeches, and the pages of a vibrant periodical press—all key sources for this article—São Paulo intellectuals extolled developments in the Southern Cone, holding them out for imitation, especially in their home state. News of such developments reached São Paulo through varied sources, including the writings of foreign travelers, which reached intellectuals and their publics through different means. Turning from circuits and sources to motives and meanings, the Argentine allusion conveyed aspects of how these intellectuals were thinking about their own society. The sense that São Paulo, in particular, might be “ready” for reform tending toward democratization, as had taken place in Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile, was accompanied by a belief in the difference of their southeastern state from other Brazilian states and its affinities with climactically temperate and racially “white” Spanish America. While these imagined affinities were soon forgotten, that sense of difference—among other legacies of this crucial period—would remain.

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