Response of urinary purine derivatives to urea supplementation of sodium hydroxide treated straw

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 121-121
Author(s):  
J.A. Guada ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
J. Gasa ◽  
A. de Vega
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Since in ruminants urinary excretion of purine derivatives is related to duodenal absorption of purines (Fujihara et al.1987;Giesecke et al.1984), it may be a valuable index to identify nutritive constraints limiting rumen fermentation and microbial synthesis.In the present experiment, the response in the urinary excretion of purine derivatives to urea supplementation of a N deficient diet was studied to test the validity of the above assumption.Five Rasa Aragonesa ewes rumen cannulated and 38, 9±2, 52 Kg mean live weight, were offered “ad libitum” OHNa treated barley straw (50 g/Kg DM) ground and pelleted.Five experimental treatments including four levels of urea supplementation(6.5, 13, 19.5 and 26 g/d) plus a negative control were arranged in a 5x5 latin square design,allowing 14 days of adaptation between experimental periods.The urea was given by continuous infusion to the rumen at a flow rate of 0.92 ml/mn during 18 h per day starting after feeding.

scholarly journals Rumen digestion and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in response to urea supplementation of sodium-treated straw fed to sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Balcells ◽  
J. A. Guada ◽  
C. Castrillo ◽  
J. Gasa
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Excretion Rates ◽  
Urea Infusion

The present study examined the effect of urea-N supplementation of a N-deficient diet on digestion and metabolism in the rumen. Five Rasa Aragonesa ewes, each fitted with a rumen cannula, were offered alkali-treated barley straw ad lib. alone or supplemented continuously via the cannula with four levels of urea-N (3, 6, 9 and 12 g/d). Rumen NH3 concentrations increased in response to urea infusion (6–128 mg/l; P < 0.001). At the highest level of rumen NH3 concentration there was a significant increase, compared with the unsupplemented treatment, in dry matter (DM) intake (846–1206 g/d; P < 0.001) and apparent digestibility of DM (0.38–0.43), organic matter (0.38–0.45) and neutral-detergent fibre (0.41–0.49; P < 0.01). Rumen outflow rates of particulate matter and potential DM disappearances, assessed using nylon bags, were not affected by the experimental treatments, although fractional rate of DM disappearance increased significantly with increasing levels of urea infusion (2.4–4.6 per h). Urinary excretion of total purine derivatives increased with N supplementation, although the response was exclusively due to an increase in allantoin excretion (26.9–66.4 mg/kg live weight (W)0.75 per d; P < 0.001). Xanthine, hypoxanthine and uric acid excretion rates were constant, averaging 1.8 (SE 0.17); 5.4 (SE 0.21) and 7.2 (SE 0.36) mg/kg W0.75 per d respectively. The maintenance of a minimum rumen NH3 concentration (approximately 50 mg/l) was necessary to avoid significant reductions in DM intake and fermentation rate. Higher levels, however, may further increase microbial N flow at the duodenum, as suggested by the response in urinary allantoin excretion over the range of rumen NH3 concentrations.

Effect of offering three amounts of maize stover to dairy cows on intake and selection

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
J. N. Methu ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
A. Abate ◽  
M. Scarr ◽  
J. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Several studies with barley straw (e.g. Wahed et al, 1990) and sorghum stover (e.g. Osafo, 1993) have shown improvements in intake with increasing ‘ad libitum’ amounts offered. Furthermore, these studies have demonstrated that sheep and goats offered barley straw or sorghum stover in long, unprocessed form, increase intake by selecting for leaf and leaf sheath, and against stem. This phenomenon offers a simple feeding strategy to use selective feeding behaviour to improve intake and hence production. The aim of the present experiment was to study the effect of offering increasing amounts of long maize stover on intake and selection by dairy cows.Six, early- to mid-lactation Ayrshire and Friesian cows (live weight, M, 430 kg) were used in a double 3x3 Latin square design with 24-day (d) feeding periods. Cows were offered long (unchopped) maize stover at low, medium or high ‘ad libitum’ rates, i.e. 31, 59 or 87 g dry matter (DM)/kg M.d. Cows also received 3.2 kg DM/d of cotton seed cake (339 g/kg DM crude protein) in two meals at milking (0700 h and 1800 h). Stover was offered in one meal daily, at 0700 h, after collecting refusals from the previous day. Amounts of stover offered and refused were weighed daily. Samples of offered stover (0.5 kg) and refused stover (0.5 kg) were analysed for DM daily. All refused stover and 4.0 kg samples of offered stover were botanically fractionated, daily, into stem (S), leaf (L), sheath (Sh) and husk (H). Milk yield was recorded daily and cows weighed at the start and end of each period.

A note on the influence of a supplement of barley and dried lucerne on the intake of barley straw by cattle

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. Horton ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Concentrate Level

SUMMARYSix castrated male cattle of 350 kg live weight were used in an incomplete Latin square design to measure intake and digestibility of barley straw offered ad libitum alone and with 5 levels, 1·5 to 7·5 kg/day, of a barley and dried lucerne concentrate. Straw intake declined and total organic-matter intake increased linearly with increasing concentrate level. On average 1 kg additional organic matter as concentrate, increased total organic-matter intake by 0·68 kg. There was no evidence that the crude protein content of the whole diet affected straw consumption.

Purine derivatives excretion and urinary nitrogen losses as influenced by the source of dietary carbohydrates supplementation

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 214-214
Author(s):  
J. Balcells ◽  
M. Fondevila ◽  
J.A. Guada ◽  
J. A. Carriedo
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Suitable Index ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Utilization of low quality roughages is limited fundamentally by the low energy cont and low DM intake when fed to the ruminant animal. Supplementation with concentrates can al improved energy supply although their inclusion can lead to a negative effect upon rough intake and ruminal cellulolitic activity. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives, urea and may constitute a suitable index to detect possible effects on rumen fermentation.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of changes in rumen fermentat: upon urinary excretion of these compounds induced by dietary supplementation of straw v differents sources of carbohydrates.Twelve Rasa Aragonesa ewes (44±0.45 Kg) were fed “ad libitum” with urea-supplemer barley straw and allocated at random to 3 groups of 4 animals. Each group was supplemented barley grain, sugar beet pulp and grass hay, respectively, at 4 levels of supplementation (: 300, 450 and 600 g/d) in a 4 x 4 latin square design. Each 42-d experimental period compr: 35 days of adjustment period followed by a 7 days measurement period.

Effect of crude protein concentration on urinary excretion of purine derivatives in growing heifers fed concentrate and barley straw on an ad libitum basis

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 89-89
Author(s):  
M. Devant ◽  
J. F. Pérez ◽  
J. Plaixats ◽  
A. Ferret ◽  
G. Caja
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The amount and source of nitrogen required to optimize microbial protein synthesis has been widely discussed in the literature. However, information available on factors affecting microbial protein synthesis in young heifers fed high concentrate diets is limited. Our objective was to study the effect of CP concentration on ruminal fermentation and urinary excretion of purine derivatives, used as an index of microbial yield, in heifers fed concentrate and barley straw, both ad libitum, from 100 to 230 kg LW.Ten crossbreed beef heifers (101±4.5 kg LW), of which 6 where ruminally cannulated, were individually penned and randomly offered (115% of previous day consumption) a concentrate (14%, L or 17%, H) and barley straw diet once daily. Concentrates (H and L) were composed of ground corn (32; 38%), barley (27%), cassava (17%) and sunflower meal (5.8%) and soya bean meal included either at 16% or 9%, respectively.

scholarly journals A comparison of the effect of forage type and level of feeding on the digestibility and gastrointestinal mean retention time of dry forages given to cattle, sheep, ponies and donkeys

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Pearson ◽  
R. F. Archibald ◽  
R. H. Muirhead
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Gut Fermentation ◽  
Made In

Four cattle, sheep, ponies and donkeys were fed dehydrated lucerne, early-cut hay, later-cut hay or barley straw in a Latin square-based design for four periods of 35d. In the first sub-period animals were fed the diets ad libitum (1–21d) and in the second sub-period they were fed the same diet restricted to 0·75 of ad libitum intake (days 22–35). Measurements of forage intake, apparent digestibilities and gastrointestinal mean retention times (MRT) were made in the last 7d of each sub-period. Differences between species in voluntary DM intake (VDMI; g/kg live weight LW)0·75 and g/LW) were greatest on the lucerne and least on barley straw. Cattle VDMI (g/kg LW0·75) compared with intake of the other species was > ponies > sheep > donkeys on lucerne. On barley straw VDMI (g/kg LW0·75) of cattle compared with intake of the other species was = donkey = ponies > sheep. VDMI of hays were intermediate between the lucerne and straw forages. Apparent digestibilities of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) of the lucerne and hays were higher in the ruminants than in the equids. Effect of feeding level was not significant. Gastrointestinal MRT was shorter in the equids than in the ruminants. On straw diets donkeys showed similar apparent digestibilities of feed components to those of the cattle, whilst apparent digestibility of the straw diet by the ponies was lowest. Results are discussed in relation to evolutionary differences in feeding and digestion strategy associated with fore- or hind-gut fermentation in ruminants and equids.

Complete diets given ad libitum to dairy cows—the effect of the level of inclusion of milled straw

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Owen ◽  
E. L. Miller ◽  
P. S. Bridge
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

SUMMARYComplete diets were given ad libitum to dairy cows over a whole lactation in order to study the voluntary intake of food, lactation performance and efficiency of feed conversion. The effect of including four levels 16, 24, 32 and 40 % of coarsely milled barley straw in the loose mix was studied for diets based mainly on barley or on sugar beet pulp, using a double 4 × 4 Latin square design.The results confirmed that cows can perform normally when given complete diets for extended periods. Dry matter and digestible energy intake was depressed at the higher levels of straw inclusion and milk butterfat content at the lowest level. The net efficiency of conversion of metabolizable energy (M.E.) into milk was higher at the higher levels of straw. It is concluded that complete diets for the self-feeding of dairy cows should contain a minimum of about 24 % of coarsely milled straw and that estimated metabolizable energy intake and production were depressed by including straw at higher levels.

A note on the performance and management of calves reared on cold acidified milk replacer fed ad libitum

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Thickett ◽  
N. H. Cuthbert ◽  
T. D. A. Brigstocke ◽  
M. A. Lindeman ◽  
P. N. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dry Food

ABSTRACTResults are presented from six trials dealing with aspects of management on the cold ad libitum system of calf rearing using an acidified milk replacer containing over 600 g skim milk powder per kg.Thirty-six calves were housed in pens of six for each trial and were fed through a teat and pipeline from a storage barrel. Acidified milk replacer, pH 5·6, was mixed cold at 125 g/1 and made available ad libitum to 3 weeks. A rationed allowance was given daily, on a reducing scale, over the following 2 weeks with weaning completed at 35 days. A pelleted dry food containing 180 g crude protein per kg, together with water in buckets and barley straw in racks, was available ad libitum throughout. Each trial lasted 8 weeks. Results for the mean of the six cold ad libitum trials involving 216 calves were compared with the mean results of 10 conventional bucket-fed trials carried out separately at the same unit, involving 912 calves. All calves were purchased British Friesian male (bull) calves.Calves on the ad libitum system showed improved live-weight gains of 9·4 kg at 3 weeks, 8·8 kg at 5 weeks and 7·5 kg at 8 weeks, compared with the conventional system. The consumption of milk replacer powder was higher in ad libitum trials at 29·4 kg cf. 12·5 kg by bucket but intake of pelleted dry feed was lower on the ad libitum system at 50·7 kg cf. 71·3 kg to 8 weeks. Calf appearance scores were significantly improved on the ad libitum system which gave the main improvement in performance in the first 3 weeks.

Validation of new systems for protein evaluation in ruminants by testing the effect of urea supplementation on intake and digestibility of straw with or without sodium hydroxide treatment

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Treatment

SUMMARYMilled barley straw, either untreated or treated with 70 g of NaOH/kg straw was supplemented with four levels of urea, namely 0, 6, 12 or 18 g/kg and fed ad libitum to young sheep. For the untreated straw, dry-matter intakes were (g/day) 423, 451, 441 and 463, while the digestibility of organic matter was 458, 467, 490 and 483 g/kg, respectively. For the treated straw, the intakes of dry matter were 355, 402, 531 and 567 g/day and the digestibility of organic matter was 423, 480, 589 and 628 g/kg respectively.The different responses to urea supplementation of treated and untreated straw are discussed in relation to a new system of estimating protein requirements for ruminants put forward by the Agricultural Research Council.

The SF6 tracer technique for measurements of methane emission from cattle – effect of tracer permeation rate

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Pinares-Patiño ◽  
A. Machmüller ◽  
G. Molano ◽  
A. Smith ◽  
J. B. Vlaming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Permeation Rate ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Tracer Technique ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Previous experiments have suggested that estimates of methane (CH4) emissions from ruminant animals made using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer might be influenced by the permeation rate of SF6 (PR). This study examined the latter issue with cattle. For this, analyses of data sets from two grazing trials involving large herds (exps. 1 and 2) and a specifically designed controlled trial (exp. 3) were conducted. Individual daily CH4 emissions from 296 (exp. 1) and 388 (exp. 2) Friesian × Jersey cows in mid-lactation were measured with herds subdivided into four (exp. 1) or five (exp. 2) measurement groups and dry matter intake (DMI) estimated by energy metabolism algorithms. The ranges of tracer PR in exps. 1 and 2 were 2.624–5.689 and 2.214–3.594 mg d-1, respectively. Experiment 3 was conducted using 12 rumen-fistulated beef steers pen-fed on lucerne silage and design arranged as a 4 × 4 Latin square with three replications. Permeation tubes with four levels of nominal PR (three tubes each): low (L), medium (M), medium-high (MH) and high (H) were randomly assigned to four rumen deployment sequences (L-M-MH-H, H-MH-M-L, MH-L-H-M and M-H-L-MH). The grazing experiments revealed a positive effect of PR on the CH4 emission estimates (1 mg SF6 d-1 accounting for 0.6–2.3 g kg-1 DMI), but this effect was significant (R2 = 0.06–0.23, P < 0.05) only when there was a large range in PR (exp. 1), whereas with a narrower PR range (exp. 2) the effect was not significant (R2 < 0.04, P > 0.05). Experiment 3 revealed that the influence of PR upon CH4 emission estimates was linear. It is concluded that despite an influence of PR on CH4 emission estimates, accuracy and precision of the tracer technique is warranted provided that PR are used in a narrow range and balanced between the experimental treatments. Key words: Methane, permeation rate, SF6 tracer, cattle, variation

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