The influence of carbohydrate source and concentration of crude protein in a concentrate given with grass silage ad libitum on the performance of autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian cows

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 99-99
Author(s):  
K.Aston ◽  
C.Thomas ◽  
R.D.Baker ◽  
P.M.Hughes ◽  
S.R.Daley
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
By Products ◽  
Friesian Cows

Carbohydrates in dairy concentrate originate from cereals containing high starch and a variety of by-products with high levels of fibre. Selection is based on unit cost and chemical analysis. Comparisons between starchy and fibrous sources were made at a single level of crude protein (CP) by Thomas et al (1986) and Sutton et al (1987). Voluntary intake of forage increased and yields of fat and protein were similar when fibre replaced starch. The objective of this trial was to extend the range of comparisons by establishing the effects of three types of carbohydrate at four levels of crude protein given with grass silage ad libitum to lactating dairy cows.

Intake and Production Responses by Holstein-Friesian Cows to the Level and Pattern of Crude Protein Supplied in a Fixed Concentrate Diet given with Grass Silage ad Libitum

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 129-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
A.B. McAllan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Friesian Cows

Recent trials with cows fed grass silage have shown significant increases in intake and in yields of milk and milk solids when the crude protein (CP) concentration in a supplementary concentrate was raised. Giving additional CP in the concentrate was a more effective strategy for improving yields of milk and milk protein than giving extra energy (Aston et al 1992). The objective of this trial was to examine the influence of changes to the amount and pattern of distribution of CP supplied in a fixed concentrate ration given with grass silage ad libitum.Fifty-five Holstein-Friesian cows in their second and subsequent lactations were given a standard diet for two weeks from calving and then were used in a continuous feeding trial from weeks 4 to 21. The cows received 5 kg of fresh concentrate daily containing 156 (LP), 245 (MP) or 338 (HP) g CP per kg dry matter (DM), MP comprised equal amounts of LP and HP. Concentrate carbohydrate sources were cereals and digestible fibre and CP was increased by a mixture of 3:1 soya:fish meals. Grass silage contained 253 g toluene DM/kg, 162 g CP/kg DM, D value in vivo 0.723, pH 3.7, fermentation acids 135 g/kg DM of which 0.85 was lactic acid and NH3-N 91 g/kg total N.

The relative importance of the amounts of energy and crude protein in the concentrate ration on intake and yields of milk constituents by autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian cows given grass silage ad libitum

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
J.D. Sutton ◽  
R.D. Baker ◽  
W.J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

The response in yields of milk constituents to increases in the amounts of standard dairy concentrate (SC, 200 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM) given to cows consuming grass silage ad libitum were reported recently (Aston et al 1991; Baker et al 1991). A change of level however adjusts the supply of both energy and CP. Previous work also showed .linear responses in silage intake and milk and milk protein yields when CP was increased in a fixed ration of concentrate of constant energy value. In this trial energy and CP levels were varied Independently. The objective was to separate the effects of energy on the performance of lactating cows from those of CP.

Effect of undegradable protein given for six weeks before calving on the performance of dairy cows in the subsequent lactation

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 85-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Previous studies (Moorby et al, 1994) have shown increased yields of protein and lactose in the subsequent lactation as a consequence of feeding additional undegradable dietary protein (UDP) and restricting energy intake during the dry period. This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementary UDP in the dry period diet of Holstein-Friesian cows given unrestricted access to grass silage and 1.5 kg of barley per day.Sixty-one cows received diets based on ad libitum access to grass silage with either (a) 1.5 kg barley / day or (b) 1.0 kg barley and 0.5 kg Maize Gluten Meal / day. After calving, cows had ad libitum access to grass silage (Metabolisable Energy (ME)=11.3 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP)=181 g/kg DM) and received 5 kg/day of concentrates (ME=13.0 MJ/kg DM; CP=250g/kg DM).

Effect of altering the starch: fibre ratio in the concentrates on hay intake and milk production by Friesian cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
S. V. Morant ◽  
J. A. Bines ◽  
D. J. Napper ◽  
D. I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
By Products ◽  
Matter Energy ◽  
Friesian Cows

SUMMARYSixty-four multiparous Friesian cows were given one of eight diets from weeks 4–20 of lactation at the former National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading in 1983–84. The diets consisted of 13·5 kg/day of experimental concentrates plus hay at 4·5 kg/day (fixed) or ad libitum. Concentrates were high-starch (S) based on cereal grains and cassava, high-fibre (F) based on highquality by-products, and two intermediate types containing 2:1 (SF) and 1:2 (FS) starch:fibre, all with a crude protein concentration of c. 180 g/kg DM. The diets were designed to provide similar intakes of digestible energy and crude protein at fixed hay intakes.With ad libitum feeding, hay intake was lowest on S concentrates. With increasing fibre in the concentrates, the yields of milk, protein and lactose fell but fat concentration and yield were increased. These changes were linear and were unaffected by hay intake. Increasing hay intake to ad libitum had no effect on milk yield but increased the concentrations and yields of fat and protein. It also changed a net liveweight loss on fixed intakes to a gain on ad libitum intakes.Diet digestibility was measured using sheep at about maintenance and cows at production intakes. Digestibility was higher in the sheep, probably because of the difference in level of intake. In the cows, increasing fibre in the concentrates reduced the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, energy and nitrogen but increased the digestibility of fibre fractions and ether extract. Level of hay intake had variable effects on mean digestibility and on the relationship with concentrate type.Increasing the fibre in the concentrates increased the molar proportions of acetate and n-butyrate in the rumen and reduced the proportions of propionate, n-valerate and n-caproate.It is concluded that, with mixed diets of hay and relatively high proportions of concentrates, changes in the starch:fibre ratio of the concentrates by substitution of high quality by-products for starchy ingredients can induce linear changes in the yields of milk and the principal solids constituents and in milk fat concentration. Since changes in yields of fat and protein went in opposite directions, the optimal concentrate composition depends on the milk composition required by the market. These conclusions may not apply if poorer quality by-products are used.

Effect of undegradable protein given for six weeks before calving on the performance of dairy cows in the subsequent lactation

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Previous studies (Moorby et al, 1994) have shown increased yields of protein and lactose in the subsequent lactation as a consequence of feeding additional undegradable dietary protein (UDP) and restricting energy intake during the dry period. This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementary UDP in the dry period diet of Holstein-Friesian cows given unrestricted access to grass silage and 1.5 kg of barley per day.Sixty-one cows received diets based on ad libitum access to grass silage with either (a) 1.5 kg barley / day or (b) 1.0 kg barley and 0.5 kg Maize Gluten Meal / day. After calving, cows had ad libitum access to grass silage (Metabolisable Energy (ME)=11.3 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP)=181 g/kg DM) and received 5 kg/day of concentrates (ME=13.0 MJ/kg DM; CP=250g/kg DM).

Effect of maize silage maturity on digestibility and energy balance of lactating cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 32-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Sutton ◽  
S.B. Cammell ◽  
D.E. Beever ◽  
R.H. Phipps ◽  
D.J. Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Production Response ◽  
Friesian Cows

Increasing maturity at harvest of maize silage has been shown to affect feed intake and milk production in Holstein-Friesian cows (Phipps et al., 1998). The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether the milk production response was related to improvements in the efficiency of feed energy utilisation.Four multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows (mean live weight 620 kg) fitted with permanent cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were given diets based on maize silage and grass silage (3:1 DM ratio) offered ad libitum plus 8.7 kg DM/day of a concentrate (254 g crude protein (CP)/kg DM) starting 5-10 weeks post-calving. The maize silage was harvested at four different stages of maturity as defined by DM content and ensiled without additives. The grass silage was a first-cut perennial ryegrass (260 g DM/kg, 519 g neutral detergent fibre (NDF)/kg DM, 146 g CP/kg DM).

The response by high genetic merit dairy cows to source and concentration of protein in the concentrate

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
I.M. Carrick ◽  
D.C. Patterson ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Feed Utilisation ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

Dairy cow genetic merit continues to increase in the dairy herd. These animals require a higher level of nutritional input than lower genetic merit cows if higher performance levels are to be sustained. The high cost of ingredients for ruminant diets highlights the need for greater precision in ration formulation in order to improve the efficiency of feed utilisation. This experiment was carried out to assess the effect of DUP supplementation on the performance of dairy cows with ad libitum access to grass silage.An experiment was conducted to investigate the response by high genetic merit Holstein Friesian dairy cows (PTA90 fat plus protein = 61 kg) to both source and concentration of protein in the concentrate, given in addition to ad libitum grass silage (metabolisable energy (ME) = 10.9 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP) = 166 g/kg DM). Twenty-four cows, including 12 first parity animals (mean days calved 37.5, s.d. 22.3), were blocked according to milk yield, calving date and parity. The experimental design was a balanced changeover with four 4-week periods.

The effect of protein content of the supplement on the response to level of supplementation with dairy cattle offered grass silage ad libitum

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 43-43
Author(s):  
C. S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels

Previous studies at this Institute have shown that there is an interaction between level of supplementary feeding and protein content in the supplement. For example, a given milk yield can be obtained by offering supplements of high crude protein content at much lower levels than would be required with conventional supplements. Furthermore, this approach enables a greater reliance on the forage component of the diet, particularly where high quality grass silage is available. The objective of the present large scale study was to determine milk production responses to supplements of differing protein content, given with high quality grass silage, and to examine effects on ration digestibility.The experiment was carried out over a two year period, with a total of 168 autumn-calving British Friesian dairy cows. Supplements containing either 100, 220, 340 or 460 g crude protein (CP)/kg fresh weight were offered from day 14 of lactation. Each supplement was offered at four levels, with 9 animals per treatment.

Milk nitrogen fractions in holstein-friesian cows as affected by amount and protein concentration of the concentrates

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 39-39
Author(s):  
J.D Sutton ◽  
D.E Beever ◽  
K. Aston ◽  
S.R. Daley
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrogen Fractions ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Recent experiments have shown consistent improvements in grass silage intake and milk yield by cows in response to increasing concentrations of crude protein (CP) in the concentrates. Such results have led to recommendations that a strategy for winter feeding of dairy cows should be based on relatively small amounts of high-protein concentrates with grass silage ad libitum. There is, however, little information about the possible effects of such a strategy on milk nitrogen fractions. The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of two approaches to increasing the CP concentration of the concentrates on milk yield and composition, particularly nitrogen fractions.From calving, 44 muciparous Holstein-Friesian cows were given 3 weeks on a standard diet and then were allocated to one of five concentrate treatments with grass silage ad libitum from weeks 4 to 18 of lactation. Concentrates were formulated to contain 200, 300, 400 or 600g CP/kg DM (Table 1). The silage contained 312g DM/kg and, per kg DM, 483g neutral detergent fibre, 286g acid detergent fibre, 168g CP, 16lg lactic acid, 14g acetic acid and l.lg butyric acid. Ammonia-N was 69g/kg total N and pH was 3.9.

Energy balance of lactating cows given diets of grass silage and whole crop wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
S.B.Cammell ◽  
J.D.Sutton ◽  
D.J.Humphries ◽  
R.H.Phipps ◽  
D.E.Beever
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

A previous experiment (Sutton, Abdalla, Phipps, Cammell and Humphries, 1995) showed that low digestibility is a major cause of the poor utilisation of urea-treated whole crop wheat (WCW) by lactating cows. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine energy balance in more detail by means of indirect calorimetry.Four multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were offered diets based on spring wheat (cv Axona), harvested on 11 August at 603 g dry matter (DM)/kg and preserved with 20 or 40 g urea/kgDM (WCW-20, WCW-40), and first-cut perennial ryegrass silage (GS). For GS, WCW-20 and WCW-40 respectively, DM was 213, 801 and 712 g/kg; crude protein (CP) 124, 163 and 171 g/kg DM; ammonia-N 3.1, 4.6 and 7.6 g/kg DM; pH 3.9, 6.7 and 7.2. The cows were offered four diets in a 4 X 4 latin square with 4-week periods starting 10 weeks after calving. In week 4 of each period urine and faeces were collected for 6 days and gas exchange was measured for 3 days in respiration chambers.

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