Nutritional limitations to growth in the post-weaned piglet

Weaning is a considerable challenge to the young piglet and represents the beginning of a critical period in its life. It is also the period which has a significant effect upon both short- and long-term growth and development. Rapid early growth results in higher and more efficient growth in the subsequent growing and finishing periods. Indeed, it is a common commercial experience that the ability to produce quality lean carcases from fast-growing modern genotypes is enhanced by rapid post-weaning growth. The objective of the current trial was to measure the performance and growth potential of modern pig genotypes in the 5-week post-weaning period, when offered non-limiting diets under commercial conditions.

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Iron and copper, and their interactions during development

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst0361258 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 1258-1261 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Lorraine Gambling ◽

Henriette S. Andersen ◽

Harry J. McArdle

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Intracellular Transport ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Dietary Iron ◽

Nutrient Deficiencies ◽

Nutrient Requirements ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Pregnant State

During development, the fetus is entirely dependent on the mother for its nutrient requirements. Subsequently, it is a period when both are vulnerable to changes in dietary supply, especially of those nutrients that are marginal under normal circumstances. In developed countries, this applies mainly to micronutrients. Even now, iron deficiency is a common disorder, especially in pregnancy. Similarly, copper intake in the U.K. population is rarely above adequate levels. It is now becoming clear that nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy can result in problems for the offspring, in both the short- and long-term. Early studies showed that lambs born to mothers on copper-deficient pastures developed ‘swayback’, with neurological and muscular symptoms that could not be reversed by postnatal supplementation. Our own findings have shown that prenatal iron deficiency results in increased postnatal blood pressure, even though the offspring have normal dietary iron levels from birth. These observations emphasize the importance of iron and copper in growth and development. Complicating the situation further is the fact that copper and iron are known to interact with each other in many ways, including absorption and intracellular transport. However, their interactions during the pregnancy appear to be more complex than during the non-pregnant state. In the present review, we examine the importance of these metals and their interactions, the consequences, both short- and long-term, of deficiency and consider some possible mechanisms whereby these effects may be generated.

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Consequences in Infants That Were Intrauterine Growth Restricted

Journal of Pregnancy ◽

10.1155/2011/364381 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Erich Cosmi ◽

Tiziana Fanelli ◽

Silvia Visentin ◽

Daniele Trevisanuto ◽

Vincenzo Zanardo

Keyword(s):

Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽

Placental Insufficiency ◽

Growth Restriction ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Cardiovascular Abnormalities ◽

Short And Long Term

Intrauterine growth restriction is a condition fetus does not reach its growth potential and associated with perinatal mobility and mortality. Intrauterine growth restriction is caused by placental insufficiency, which determines cardiovascular abnormalities in the fetus. This condition, moreover, should prompt intensive antenatal surveillance of the fetus as well as follow-up of infants that had intrauterine growth restriction as short and long-term sequele should be considered.

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Life History theory hypotheses on child growth: Potential implications for short and long-term child growth, development and health

American Journal of Physical Anthropology ◽

10.1002/ajpa.23340 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 165 (1) ◽

pp. 4-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Rihlat Said-Mohamed ◽

John M Pettifor ◽

Shane A Norris

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Life History Theory ◽

Child Growth ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Growth Development

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Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Waterlogging and Corn Shoot and Root Growth and Development

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10102095 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2095

Author(s):

Charles Hunt Walne ◽

K. Raja Reddy

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Functional Relationships ◽

Soil Waterlogging ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Corn Plants

Short- and long-term waterlogging conditions impact crop growth and development, preventing crops from reaching their true genetic potential. Two experiments were conducted using a pot-culture facility to better understand soil waterlogging impacts on corn growth and development. Two corn hybrids were grown in 2017 and 2018 under ambient sunlight and temperature conditions. Waterlogging durations of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 days were imposed at the V2 growth stage. Morphological (growth and development) and pigment estimation data were collected 15 days after treatments were imposed, 23 days after sowing. As waterlogging was imposed, soil oxygen rapidly decreased until reaching zero in about 8–10 days; upon the termination of the treatments, the oxygen levels recovered to the level of the 0 days treatment within 2 days. Whole-plant dry weight declined as the waterlogging duration increased, and after 2 days of waterlogging, a 44% and 27% decline was observed in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Leaf area and root volume showed an exponential decay similar to the leaf and root dry weight. Leaf number and plant height were the least sensitive measured parameters and decreased linearly in both experiments. Root forks were the most sensitive parameter after 14 days of waterlogging in both experiments, declining by 83% and 80% in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The data from this study improve our understanding of how corn plants react to increasing durations of waterlogging. In addition, the functional relationships generated from this study could enhance current corn simulation models for field applications.

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The influence of nutrition and environment on the growth and metabolism of the weaned piglet

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600014689 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 1984 ◽

pp. 113-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W.H. Close ◽

J. Le Dividich

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Critical Period ◽

Early Age ◽

Normal Pattern ◽

Weaned Piglet ◽

Tissue Accretion

Weaning represents a critical period in the life of a piglet. Although the age at which piglets are weaned is rather variable, it is common practice to wean them at an early age. At weaning the normal pattern of growth and development is interrupted. The extent to which nutritional, climatic, social and managemental practices influences the check in growth rate and change in tissue accretion is not well documented. The present experiments were designed to investigate the influence of some of these factors on the growth and development of the weaned piglet.

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Hypergravity within a critical period impacts on the maturation of somatosensory cortical maps and their potential for use-dependent plasticity in the adult

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00900.2015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 115 (6) ◽

pp. 2740-2760 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yoh'i Zennou-Azogui ◽

Nicolas Catz ◽

Christian Xerri

Keyword(s):

Critical Period ◽

Receptive Fields ◽

Glabrous Skin ◽

Directional Sensitivity ◽

Skin Area ◽

Neuronal Responses ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Dependent Plasticity ◽

Short And Long Term

We investigated experience-dependent plasticity of somatosensory maps in rat S1 cortex during early development. We analyzed both short- and long-term effects of exposure to 2 G hypergravity (HG) during the first 3 postnatal weeks on forepaw representations. We also examined the potential of adult somatosensory maps for experience-dependent plasticity after early HG rearing. At postnatal day 22, HG was found to induce an enlargement of cortical zones driven by nail displacements and a contraction of skin sectors of the forepaw map. In these remaining zones serving the skin, neurons displayed expanded glabrous skin receptive fields (RFs). HG also induced a bias in the directional sensitivity of neuronal responses to nail displacement. HG-induced map changes were still found after 16 wk of housing in normogravity (NG). However, the glabrous skin RFs recorded in HG rats decreased to values similar to that of NG rats, as early as the end of the first week of housing in NG. Moreover, the expansion of the glabrous skin area and decrease in RF size normally induced in adults by an enriched environment (EE) did not occur in the HG rats, even after 16 wk of EE housing in NG. Our findings reveal that early postnatal experience critically and durably shapes S1 forepaw maps and limits their potential to be modified by novel experience in adulthood.

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Experience with Short and Long Term Courses of Local Adrenal Steroid Therapy For Ulcerative Colitis

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(62)80117-6 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 669-677 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jean A. Spencer ◽

Joseph B. Kirsner

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Steroid Therapy ◽

Adrenal Steroid ◽

Short And Long Term

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Short- and Long-Term Results of Total vs Subtotal Thyroid- ectomies in the Surgical Treatment of Graves' Disease

Swiss Surgery ◽

10.1024/1023-9332.7.1.20 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 20-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Robert ◽

Mariéthoz ◽

Pache ◽

Bertin ◽

Caulfield ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ◽

Nerve Palsy ◽

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy ◽

Laryngeal Nerve ◽

Long Term Results ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Laryngeal Nerve Palsy ◽

Short And Long Term

Objective: Approximately one out of five patients with Graves' disease (GD) undergoes a thyroidectomy after a mean period of 18 months of medical treatment. This retrospective and non-randomized study from a teaching hospital compares short- and long-term results of total (TT) and subtotal thyroidectomies (ST) for this disease. Methods: From 1987 to 1997, 94 patients were operated for GD. Thirty-three patients underwent a TT (mostly since 1993) and 61 a ST (keeping 4 to 8 grams of thyroid tissue - mean 6 g). All patients had received propylthiouracil and/or neo-mercazole and were in a euthyroid state at the time of surgery; they also took potassium iodide (lugol) for ten days before surgery. Results: There were no deaths. Transient hypocalcemia (< 3 months) occurred in 32 patients (15 TT and 17 ST) and persistent hypocalcemia in 8 having had TT. Two patients developed transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after ST (< 3 months). After a median follow-up period of seven years (1-15) with five patients lost to follow-up, 41 patients having had a ST are in a hypothyroid state (73%), thirteen are euthyroid (23%), and two suffered recurrent hyperthyroidism, requiring completion of thyroidectomy. All 33 patients having had TT - with follow-ups averaging two years (0.5-8) - are receiving thyroxin substitution. Conclusions: There were no instances of persistent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in either group, but persistent hypoparathyroidism occurred more frequently after TT. Long after ST, hypothyroidism developed in nearly three of four cases, whereas euthyroidy was maintained in only one-fourth; recurrent hyperthyroidy was rare.

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