Iron and copper, and their interactions during development

During development, the fetus is entirely dependent on the mother for its nutrient requirements. Subsequently, it is a period when both are vulnerable to changes in dietary supply, especially of those nutrients that are marginal under normal circumstances. In developed countries, this applies mainly to micronutrients. Even now, iron deficiency is a common disorder, especially in pregnancy. Similarly, copper intake in the U.K. population is rarely above adequate levels. It is now becoming clear that nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy can result in problems for the offspring, in both the short- and long-term. Early studies showed that lambs born to mothers on copper-deficient pastures developed ‘swayback’, with neurological and muscular symptoms that could not be reversed by postnatal supplementation. Our own findings have shown that prenatal iron deficiency results in increased postnatal blood pressure, even though the offspring have normal dietary iron levels from birth. These observations emphasize the importance of iron and copper in growth and development. Complicating the situation further is the fact that copper and iron are known to interact with each other in many ways, including absorption and intracellular transport. However, their interactions during the pregnancy appear to be more complex than during the non-pregnant state. In the present review, we examine the importance of these metals and their interactions, the consequences, both short- and long-term, of deficiency and consider some possible mechanisms whereby these effects may be generated.

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Optimum feeding and growth in preterm neonates

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease ◽

10.1017/s2040174412000736 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 215-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. E. Harding ◽

J. G. B. Derraik ◽

M. J. Berry ◽

A. L. Jaquiery ◽

J. M. Alsweiler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preterm Birth ◽

Later Life ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Preterm Neonates ◽

Intrauterine Environment ◽

Neurological Outcomes ◽

Health And Development ◽

Short And Long Term

Approximately 10% of all babies worldwide are born preterm, and preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal mortality in developed countries. Although preterm birth is associated with adverse short- and long-term health outcomes, it is not yet clear whether this relationship is causal. Rather, there is evidence that reduced foetal growth, preterm birth and the long-term health effects of both of these may all arise from a suboptimal intrauterine environment. Further, most infants born preterm also experience suboptimal postnatal growth, with potential adverse effects on long-term health and development. A number of interventions are used widely in the neonatal period to optimise postnatal growth and development. These commonly include supplementation with macronutrients and/or micronutrients, all of which have potential short-term risks and benefits for the preterm infant, whereas the long-term health consequences are largely unknown. Importantly, more rapid postnatal growth trajectory (and the interventions required to achieve this) may result in improved neurological outcomes at the expense of increased cardiovascular risk in later life.

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Characterizing short and long term iron stress responses in iron deficiency tolerant and susceptible soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Plant Stress ◽

10.1016/j.stress.2021.100012 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 100012

Author(s):

Leorrie Atencio ◽

Justin Salazar ◽

Adrienne N. Moran Lauter ◽

Michael D. Gonzales ◽

Jamie A. O'Rourke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Iron Stress ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Short And Long Term

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Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Waterlogging and Corn Shoot and Root Growth and Development

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10102095 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2095

Author(s):

Charles Hunt Walne ◽

K. Raja Reddy

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Functional Relationships ◽

Soil Waterlogging ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Corn Plants

Short- and long-term waterlogging conditions impact crop growth and development, preventing crops from reaching their true genetic potential. Two experiments were conducted using a pot-culture facility to better understand soil waterlogging impacts on corn growth and development. Two corn hybrids were grown in 2017 and 2018 under ambient sunlight and temperature conditions. Waterlogging durations of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 days were imposed at the V2 growth stage. Morphological (growth and development) and pigment estimation data were collected 15 days after treatments were imposed, 23 days after sowing. As waterlogging was imposed, soil oxygen rapidly decreased until reaching zero in about 8–10 days; upon the termination of the treatments, the oxygen levels recovered to the level of the 0 days treatment within 2 days. Whole-plant dry weight declined as the waterlogging duration increased, and after 2 days of waterlogging, a 44% and 27% decline was observed in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Leaf area and root volume showed an exponential decay similar to the leaf and root dry weight. Leaf number and plant height were the least sensitive measured parameters and decreased linearly in both experiments. Root forks were the most sensitive parameter after 14 days of waterlogging in both experiments, declining by 83% and 80% in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The data from this study improve our understanding of how corn plants react to increasing durations of waterlogging. In addition, the functional relationships generated from this study could enhance current corn simulation models for field applications.

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Understanding the Use of Long-Term Finance in Developing Countries

10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0004 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

María Soledad Martinez Pería ◽

Sergio L. Schmukler

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Capital Markets ◽

Institutional Investors ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Financial Intermediaries ◽

Short Term ◽

Foreign Investors ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Asset Managers

This chapter reviews recent evidence on the use of long-term finance in developing countries (relative to developed ones) to try to identify where short- and long-term financing occurs, and what role different financial intermediaries and markets play in extending this type of financing. Although banks are the most important providers of credit, they do not seem to offer long-term financing. In fact, loans in developing countries have significantly shorter maturities than those in developed countries. Capital markets have become increasingly sizable since the 1990s and can provide financing at fairly long terms. But just a few large firms use these markets. Only some institutional investors provide funding at long-term maturities. Incentives for asset managers are tilted toward the short term due to constant monitoring. Instead, asset-liability managers have a longer-term horizon, as foreign investors in developing countries do. Governments might help expand long-term financing, although with limited policy tools.

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Short-and long-term fertility trials in Colombia to determine the nutrient requirements of cassava

Fertilizer Research ◽

10.1007/bf01048744 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 26 (1-3) ◽

pp. 61-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

R. H. Howeler ◽

L. F. Cadavid

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Requirements ◽

Short And Long Term

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Pengaruh Komposisi Media Pertumbuhan Terhadap Produksi Scleroglucan Pada Fermentasi Aerob Sclerotium rolfsii InaCC F-05

Jurnal Rekayasa Hijau ◽

10.26760/jrh.v2i3.2511 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Bintang Iwhan Moehady ◽

Nancy Siti Djena

Keyword(s):

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Absorption Peak ◽

Growth Media ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Long Time ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Short And Long Term

ABSTRAKScleroglucan adalah Eksopolisakarida yang dihasilkan dari fermentasi jamur Sclerotium rolfsii (S.rolfsii) dan telah digunakan di berbagai negara maju sebagai bahan pengental, industri makanan, farmasi, minyak dan industri lainnya. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian pada hewan tikus dalam jangka pendek dan panjang, scleroglucan tidak bersifat toksik dan tidak menunjukkan efek samping yang signifikan. Di Indonesia scleroglucan ini belum dikenal, lain halnya dengan jamur S. rolfsii yang lebih dikenal sebagai salah satu jamur patogen yang menyebabkan beberapa penyakit pada tanaman. Penyakit yang dihasikan oleh S.rolfsii merupakan penyakit potensial khususnya pada tanaman kedelai karena bila terserang akan mati serta patogen dan dapat bertahan lama di dalam tanah dalam bentuk sklerotia. Sehingga berbagai penelitian yang telah dilakukan di Indonesia hanya terbatas pada pencegahan, pengendalian dan karakterisasi dalam mengurangi sifat patogen dari S. rolfsii tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan komposisi media pertumbuhan S. Rolfsii InaCC F-05 untuk menghasilkan scleroglucan menggunakan substrat hidrolisat tepung tapioka. Dalam penelitian ini scleroglucan dibuat dalam media PDB dan media PDB termodifikasi yang masing masing menggunakan substrat dari gula cair 7% pada 28oC, pH 5, pengadukan 180 rpm dengan waktu fermentasi S.rolfsii masing masing 46 dan 68 jam secara aerob. Hasil analisis FTIR menunjukkan bahwa scleroglucan hasil penelitian mempunyai puncak serapan pada 3408, 2933, 1633, 1408 dan 1031- 1151 cm-1. Puncak puncak serapan ini secara kualitatif telah sesuai dengan puncak serapan scleroglucan pada literatur. Secara keseluruhan dapat disebutkan bahwa S. rolfsii yang ditumbuhkan dalam media PDB termodifikasi dengan menggunakan substrat gula cair 7% telah berhasil memproduksi scleroglucan dengan yield dan konversi tertinggi masing masing sebesar 15,0805 g/L dan 21,5400%. Scleroglucan yang diperoleh mempunyai viskositas 1,9358 - 3,6579 cP. Nilai ini sudah memenuhi kriteria untuk dijadikan bahan campuran pada industri kimia.Kata kunci : S.rolfsii, scleroglucan, fermentasi.ABSTACTScleroglucan is an Exopolisaccharide produced from the fermentation of Sclerotium rolfsii (S.rolfsii) and has been used in many developed countries as a thickener, food, pharmaceutical, oil and other industries. Based on the results of tests on rats in the short and long term, it was found that scleroglucan is not toxic and have not shown significantly side effects. Scleroglucan is not well known in Indonesia, unlike fungus S. rolfsii which is better known as one of the pathogenic fungi that causes diseases in plants, especially in soybean crops where it will die and the pathogen can survive for a long time in the ground in the form of sclerotia. This is why the various studies that have been conducted in Indonesia are limited to prevention, control, and characterization in reducing the pathogenic of S. rolfsii. The objective of this study was to determine the growth media composition of S. Rolfsii InaCC F-05 to produce scleroglucan using tapioca starch hydrolysate substrate. In this study scleroglucan was made in PDB and modified PDB media, each using a substrate of 7% liquid sugar at 28oC, pH 5, stirred at 180 rpm with fermentation time of 46 and 68 hours in aerobic method. Based on FT-IR analysis showed that scleroglucan of this study had an absorption peak at 3408, 2933, 1633, 1408 and 1031 to 1151 cm-1. This absorption peak corresponds to the peak of scleroglucan uptake in the literature. Overall it can be concluded that S. rolfsii grown in modified PDB medium using a 7% liquid sugar substrate has succeeded in producing scleroglucan with the highest yield and conversion of 15.0805 g/L and 21.5400% respectively. The obtained scleroglucan has a viscosity of 1.9358 - 3.6579 cP. These value has met the criteria in the chemical industry.Keywords: S.rolfsii, scleroglucan, fermentation.

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Nutritional limitations to growth in the post-weaned piglet

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600027112 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 1994 ◽

pp. 166-166

Author(s):

G Dams ◽

B Edwards ◽

S Tibble ◽

P Toplis ◽

W H Close

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Critical Period ◽

Early Growth ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Current Trial ◽

Weaned Piglet ◽

Commercial Experience ◽

Short And Long Term

Weaning is a considerable challenge to the young piglet and represents the beginning of a critical period in its life. It is also the period which has a significant effect upon both short- and long-term growth and development. Rapid early growth results in higher and more efficient growth in the subsequent growing and finishing periods. Indeed, it is a common commercial experience that the ability to produce quality lean carcases from fast-growing modern genotypes is enhanced by rapid post-weaning growth. The objective of the current trial was to measure the performance and growth potential of modern pig genotypes in the 5-week post-weaning period, when offered non-limiting diets under commercial conditions.

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Entreprises transnationales, exportations de produits manufacturés et emploi dans les pays moins développés

L Actualité économique ◽

10.7202/800725ar ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 239-279

Author(s):

G. K. Helleiner

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Substantial Improvement ◽

World Conference ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Export Sector ◽

The World ◽

Short And Long Term

Abstract This article is an abridged version of a document presented by the author at the World Conference on Employment held in Geneva in 1976. The study deals successively with the role of transnational enterprises in the production (and marketing) of exports to other LDC's and developed countries, the composition of these exports as well as their short and long-term effects on economic development, government revenues, employment and income. Outlining difficulties with which the LDC's will be confronted in their promotion of the export sector, the author puts forward several policy areas where active negotiations between developed countries and LDC's could lead to substantial improvement.

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Iron, copper and fetal development

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1079/pns2004385 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 553-562 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Lorraine Gambling ◽

Harry J. McArdle

Keyword(s):

Fetal Development ◽

Startle Response ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Fe Deficiency ◽

Short Term ◽

Iron Copper ◽

Clinical Consequences ◽

The Uk

Pregnancy is a period of rapid growth and cell differentiation for both the mother and fetus. Consequently, it is a period when both are vulnerable to changes in dietary supply, especially of those nutrients that are marginal under normal circumstances. In developed countries this vulnerability applies mainly to micronutrients. Even now, Fe deficiency is a common disorder, especially in pregnancy. Similarly, Cu intake in the UK population is rarely above adequate levels, which is a matter of some concern, both in terms of public health and possible clinical consequences. In early studies it was shown that lambs born to mothers on Cu-deficient pastures develop ‘swayback,’ with neurological and muscular symptoms that cannot be reversed by postnatal supplementation. More recently, rat studies have shown that responses such as the ‘startle’ response are lost in offspring of Cu-deficient mothers. Data have shown that prenatal Fe deficiency results in increased postnatal blood pressure, even though the offspring have normal dietary Fe levels from birth. These observations emphasise the importance of Fe and Cu in growth and development. In the present review the importance of these metals and the consequences, both short term and long term, of deficiency will be discussed and some possible mechanisms whereby these effects may be generated will be considered.

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