scholarly journals Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Waterlogging and Corn Shoot and Root Growth and Development

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2095
Author(s):  
Charles Hunt Walne ◽  
K. Raja Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Soil Waterlogging ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Corn Plants

Short- and long-term waterlogging conditions impact crop growth and development, preventing crops from reaching their true genetic potential. Two experiments were conducted using a pot-culture facility to better understand soil waterlogging impacts on corn growth and development. Two corn hybrids were grown in 2017 and 2018 under ambient sunlight and temperature conditions. Waterlogging durations of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 days were imposed at the V2 growth stage. Morphological (growth and development) and pigment estimation data were collected 15 days after treatments were imposed, 23 days after sowing. As waterlogging was imposed, soil oxygen rapidly decreased until reaching zero in about 8–10 days; upon the termination of the treatments, the oxygen levels recovered to the level of the 0 days treatment within 2 days. Whole-plant dry weight declined as the waterlogging duration increased, and after 2 days of waterlogging, a 44% and 27% decline was observed in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Leaf area and root volume showed an exponential decay similar to the leaf and root dry weight. Leaf number and plant height were the least sensitive measured parameters and decreased linearly in both experiments. Root forks were the most sensitive parameter after 14 days of waterlogging in both experiments, declining by 83% and 80% in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The data from this study improve our understanding of how corn plants react to increasing durations of waterlogging. In addition, the functional relationships generated from this study could enhance current corn simulation models for field applications.

Iron and copper, and their interactions during development

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1258-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Gambling ◽  
Henriette S. Andersen ◽  
Harry J. McArdle
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Pregnant State

During development, the fetus is entirely dependent on the mother for its nutrient requirements. Subsequently, it is a period when both are vulnerable to changes in dietary supply, especially of those nutrients that are marginal under normal circumstances. In developed countries, this applies mainly to micronutrients. Even now, iron deficiency is a common disorder, especially in pregnancy. Similarly, copper intake in the U.K. population is rarely above adequate levels. It is now becoming clear that nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy can result in problems for the offspring, in both the short- and long-term. Early studies showed that lambs born to mothers on copper-deficient pastures developed ‘swayback’, with neurological and muscular symptoms that could not be reversed by postnatal supplementation. Our own findings have shown that prenatal iron deficiency results in increased postnatal blood pressure, even though the offspring have normal dietary iron levels from birth. These observations emphasize the importance of iron and copper in growth and development. Complicating the situation further is the fact that copper and iron are known to interact with each other in many ways, including absorption and intracellular transport. However, their interactions during the pregnancy appear to be more complex than during the non-pregnant state. In the present review, we examine the importance of these metals and their interactions, the consequences, both short- and long-term, of deficiency and consider some possible mechanisms whereby these effects may be generated.

Differential Response of Hemp Dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) to Clopyralid, Dowco 433, and 2,4-D

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 782-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Orfanedes ◽  
Loyd M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Late Application

Field studies were conducted to compare the short- and long-term control of hemp dogbane by POST applications of Dowco 433, clopyralid, and 2,4-D amine. Dowco 433 at 140 g ae ha–1controlled 81 to 93% of weeds at 8 wk after treatment. Good control (79 to 89%) was also achieved with 560 g ae ha–12,4-D amine at 8 wk after treatment. Twelve months after treatment, control of hemp dogbane averaged 65 to 75% where Dowco 433 was applied at rates of 140 g ha–1or higher. Similar results were obtained with 2,4-D amine at 560 g ha–1. Control with clopyralid was minimal. Weed height and dry weight were reduced with all treatments except clopyralid. The effect of early versus late application was also evaluated in two studies. In certain situations, control 8 wk after treatment was greater when application was made during the early reproductive growth stage as opposed to the vegetative growth stage.

scholarly journals Leaf Growth and Development in the Young Tobacco Plant

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rae V Hannam
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Tobacco Plant ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Weight Data

The growth of the vegetative shoot of tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., and the associated changes in dry weight of the whole plant and its major parts are described. By means of serial reconstruction, the volume changes of successive young leaf primordia are followed, and this information is integrated with the dry weight data for older leaves.

Effects of kinetin on the growth and development of barley and its interaction with root size

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ruckenbauer ◽  
E. J. M. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Cytokinin Synthesis ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Apices ◽  
Root Size

SummaryIn some plants the roots have been shown to be major sites of cytokinin production. The part they play in controlling growth and development of cereals was studied by spraying barley with kinetin solution and by changing the size of the root system. Two varieties of barley were grown in culture solution and kinetin was applied and root sexcised at the second-, third- or fifth-leaf stage. The kinetin in aqueous solution was sprayed on the leaves, and either most of the root-tips, or an equivalent weight of entire root strands, were removed. Kinetin increased both shoot apex development and the final ear size. The weights of the main shoot and the whole plant also wore increased, particularly by the later treatments. Removing entire root strands decreased the whole plant dry weight more than removing most of the root apices, but the main shoot weight was less affected. Kinetin interacted with root removal, though neither the interaction nor the main effect of root removal showed unequivocally that cereal roots are the site of cytokinin synthesis, possibly because new root tips were regenerated.

scholarly journals Silicon Fertilization Affects Growth of Hybrid Phalaenopsis Orchid Liners

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wagner A. Vendrame ◽  
Aaron J. Palmateer ◽  
Ania Pinares ◽  
Kimberly A. Moore ◽  
Lawrence E. Datnoff
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Silicon Fertilization ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Si Content ◽  
Control Water

Experiments were conducted during two different time periods to determine if hybrid phalaenopsis orchid (Phalaenopsis spp.) liners accumulate silicon (Si) and if this element can affect liner growth. A total of 800 liners were evaluated and Si fertilization was performed by applying potassium silicate (KSiO3) as a drench with three treatments (0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% v/v) and a control (water, no Si fertilization). The application of KSiO3 affected overall growth of phalaenopsis orchid liners, where Si content of the plant ranged from 0.5% to 1.7%. Overall, Si applied at 0.5% and 1.0% increased fresh weight and dry weight (DW) and at 1.0% Si significantly increased DW of root, shoot, and whole plant over the control. Increases in DW ranged from 27% up to 118%. Results from the second experiment were similar. Other plant parameters evaluated such as leaf number and size, root number, and length were unaffected by Si application. Although leaves of phalaenopsis orchid liners treated with Si appeared darker green when compared with the control, no significant differences were observed in chlorophyll content of leaves. Reduced growth was observed when 2.0% Si was applied affecting Si tissue concentrations and substrate electric conductivity. The data obtained from this study indicate that hybrid phalaenopsis orchid liners are Si accumulators and that this element influences their growth. Further studies are warranted to address the long-term effects of Si fertilization on the complete life cycle of hybrid phalaenopsis orchids.

Effect of Root-zone Temperature on Strawberry Growth and Development

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 460b-460
Author(s):  
Melita Marion Biela ◽  
Gail R. Nonnecke ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Harry T. Horner
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Weight Analysis ◽  
Vegetative And Reproductive Growth ◽  
Zone Temperature

Root-zone temperature (RZT) effects were studied to determine physiological changes on whole-plant and microscopic levels of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) growth and development. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in 1997 with `Tristar' day-neutral strawberry using a randomized complete-block design with three RZT treatments (23, 29, and 35 °C) and four replications. The total number of flowers was less in plants subjected to 35 °C. Total weight of fruit yield was highest at 29 °C and least at 23 °C, due possibly to later fruit development. Fresh weight was highest in plants grown at 23 and 29 °C. Dry weight analysis showed that root and leaf growth were inhibited at 35 °C. Throughout the duration of the experiment, transpiration rates were lower in plants subjected to 35 °C. In general, plants grown under RZT of 29 °C had more optimal vegetative and reproductive growth than those grown under 23 and 35 °C.

Nutritional limitations to growth in the post-weaned piglet

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
G Dams ◽  
B Edwards ◽  
S Tibble ◽  
P Toplis ◽  
W H Close
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Current Trial ◽  
Weaned Piglet ◽  
Commercial Experience ◽  
Short And Long Term

Weaning is a considerable challenge to the young piglet and represents the beginning of a critical period in its life. It is also the period which has a significant effect upon both short- and long-term growth and development. Rapid early growth results in higher and more efficient growth in the subsequent growing and finishing periods. Indeed, it is a common commercial experience that the ability to produce quality lean carcases from fast-growing modern genotypes is enhanced by rapid post-weaning growth. The objective of the current trial was to measure the performance and growth potential of modern pig genotypes in the 5-week post-weaning period, when offered non-limiting diets under commercial conditions.

Short and long-term responses of whole-plant gas exchange to elevated CO2 in four herbaceous species

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Roumet ◽  
Eric Garnier ◽  
Hélène Suzor ◽  
Jean-Louis Salager ◽  
Jacques Roy
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Plant Gas Exchange

scholarly journals Cl− More Detrimental Than Na+ in Rice Under Long-Term Saline Conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Hanh Duy Dao ◽  
Yoshihiko Hirai
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Difference

Rice is considered sensitive to salinity and hence, improving the salinity tolerance of rice is desired to increase productivity. Most research on salinity tolerance for the growth and grain yield of rice focuses on the toxicity of sodium (Na+) and not chloride (Cl−); the information on the negative effects of Cl− on rice is still limited. To learn the difference in the long-term effects of Na+ and Cl− on the whole plant and grain productivities, three rice varieties differing in salinity tolerance were grown in pots irrigated by water with NaCl and KCl in the same molar concentration. The whole plant dry weight and grain yield in all varieties decreased to the same extent after NaCl and KCl treatments compared to the control during the full heading and maturity stages. However, Na+ content in shoots of all varieties under NaCl treatment were higher at all stages than that under KCl treatment and the control. In the most cases, the Cl− content in plants was similar in the NaCl and KCl treatment groups. There was a negative significant correlation between the relative dry weight and grain yield (treated/control) and the Cl− content in the plants. From these results, it was suggested that plant dry weight and grain yield under long-term salinity conditions was reduced by Cl− toxicity rather than Na+ toxicity.

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