Estonian conditional clauses: The degree of hypotheticality and the link to temporal and concessive clauses

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-88
Author(s):  
Helen Plado
Keyword(s):  
Clear Cut ◽  
Temporal Clauses ◽  
Transition Areas ◽  
The Relationship

Estonian conditional clauses have previously been divided into two clear-cut groups: real and unreal, with indicative and conditional main verbs of conditional clauses, respectively. This article defends the view that it is a question of the degree of hypotheticality that a sentence conveys, and it treats hypotheticality as a continuum that includes groups of linguistic forms, which have a relatively clear core and are separated by fuzzy transition areas. Secondly, the article concentrates on the relationship between Estonian conditional clauses and temporal clauses. As these clause types have the same marker (kui), the article discusses whether it is always possible to distinguish between these two clauses and which factors are relevant for determining whether the clause is a temporal or conditional one. Thirdly, the relationship between Estonian conditional and concessive clauses is under consideration, focusing particularly on Estonian scalar concessive conditional clauses.

scholarly journals From reflex to reflection: Moving from the space of causes to the space of reasons and back

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 681-693
Author(s):  
Ariel Furstenberg
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Space Of Reasons ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Simple Picture

AbstractThis article proposes to narrow the gap between the space of reasons and the space of causes. By articulating the standard phenomenology of reasons and causes, we investigate the cases in which the clear-cut divide between reasons and causes starts to break down. Thus, substituting the simple picture of the relationship between the space of reasons and the space of causes with an inverted and complex one, in which reasons can have a causal-like phenomenology and causes can have a reason-like phenomenology. This is attained by focusing on “swift reasoned actions” on the one hand, and on “causal noisy brain mechanisms” on the other hand. In the final part of the article, I show how an analogous move, that of narrowing the gap between one’s normative framework and the space of reasons, can be seen as an extension of narrowing the gap between the space of causes and the space of reasons.

scholarly journals sCD14 Level in Saliva of Children and Adolescents with and without Dental Caries, a Hurdle Model

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 679
Author(s):  
Gaia Pellegrini ◽  
Marcello Maddalone ◽  
Matteo Malvezzi ◽  
Marilisa Toma ◽  
Massimo Del Fabbro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Hurdle Model ◽  
Soluble Cd14 ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Carious Lesions ◽  
Decayed Tooth ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Study

Objective: Soluble CD14 (sCD14) plays an important role in the innate immune response of the oral cavity. The investigation of this biomarker for detection of carious lesions is an even more actual procedure due to its non-invasiveness and the ease of withdrawal. The purpose of the present observational case-control study was to evaluate whether the quantification of sCD14 in children and adolescent’s saliva can discriminate healthy subjects from those suffering from tooth decay. Materials and Methods: 164 subjects (6 to 17 years) were selected and divided into 2 groups: those with at least 1 decayed tooth were assigned to group Decayed (n = 82) and those free from dental caries to group Healthy (n = 82). The amount of salivary soluble CD14 was quantified. Results: Mean salivary soluble CD14 was 28.3 ± 10.8 μg/mL in the Healthy group and 22 ± 9.6 μg/mL in the Decayed group. A hurdle model was applied to the data to estimate both the probability of having carious lesions and their number in relation to sCD14 levels. sCD14 was strongly associated (p < 0.01) with an inverse relation to both the probability of having caries and their number (falling rate of 5% per unit CD14 μg/mL). Conclusions: This data confirms the relationship between sCD14 and the presence of dental caries. However, there is no clear cut off level between healthy and unhealthy subjects, so it is currently not possible to use sCD14 as a biomarker to determine the risk of decays.

scholarly journals Persistent Activist Communication in Occupy Gezi

Sociology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 915-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Mercea ◽  
Duygu Karatas ◽  
Marco T Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Online Activity ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Twitter Data ◽  
Organisational Structures ◽  
Biographical Availability ◽  
Event Based ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

We revisit the notion of activist persistence against the backdrop of protest communication on Twitter. We take an event-based approach and examine Occupy Gezi, a series of protests that occurred in Turkey in the early summer of 2013. By cross-referencing survey data with longitudinal Twitter data and in-depth interviews, we investigate the relationship between biographical availability, relational and organisational ties, and social and personal costs to persistent activism online and on location. Contrary to expectations, we find no clear-cut relationship between those factors and sustained commitment to participation in the occupation. We show that persistent activist communication did not feed into enduring organisational structures despite the continuous online activity observed during and beyond the peak of the Gezi occupation. The article concludes with reflections on the organisational ramifications of persistent communication and its significance in a political context posing high risks to participation in dissident politics.

Gentrification, displacement and the arts: Untangling the relationship between arts industries and place change

Urban Studies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 807-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Grodach ◽  
Nicole Foster ◽  
James Murdoch
Keyword(s):  
Urban Policy ◽  
Statistical Study ◽  
Change Agents ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Standard Account ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
The Relationship

The arts have long played a role in debates around gentrification and displacement, yet their roles and impacts as change agents are not clear-cut. According to the standard account, artists facilitate gentrification and ultimately engender the displacement of lower income households, but more recent research complicates the accepted narrative. This article seeks to untangle the relationship between the arts, gentrification and displacement through a statistical study of neighbourhood-level arts industry activity within large US regions. The findings indicate that the standard arts-led gentrification narrative is too generalised or simply no longer applicable to contemporary arts-gentrification processes. Rather, the arts have multiple, even conflicting relationships with gentrification and displacement that depend on context and type of art. These results have important implications for how we study the role of the arts in neighbourhood change and for how governments approach the arts and creative industries in urban policy.

scholarly journals Isotopic composition of blood plasma carbon in patients with endocrine diseases

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
A. A. Ivlev ◽  
N. P. Goncharov
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cellular Division ◽  
Disease Heterogeneity ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Carbon Isotopic ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The Relationship

Forty-eight patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyper- and hypothyrosis, Icenko-Cushings disease were examined to elucidate the relationship between blood plasma carbon isotopic composition and the type of the endocrine disease. This value varied within the range of 19.7 to 24.7 , the mean value being 5 . Blood plasma carbon in the diabetics is enriched for 12C light isotope (delta-13C from 23.0 to 24.5 ) as against a similar characteristic in obese patients (delta-13C from 20.5 to 21.99 ). Patients with hypo- and hyperthyrosis and the Icenko- Cushings disease have a wider range of delta-13C values that seems to be explained by the Icenko-Cushings disease heterogeneity and the presence of biorhythms. Clear-cut isotopic differences in the blood sera of adults and children were revealed whatever the disease type, these differences indicating the changes in cellular metabolism energy in the ontogenesis. These data can be satisfactorily explained within the frames of the model of cellular division of carbon isotopes, suggested previously.

scholarly journals Financial development and growth in Hungary

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-213
Author(s):  
Kunofiwa Tsaurai
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Single Study ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Hungary using a case study approach. Majority of previous studies on the same or similar topic have so far used regression and or econometric methodologies to examine the nature of the relationship between financial development and economic growth. Not a single study the author is aware of used a case study approach to discuss the relationship between the two variables. It is against this background that the author decided to use the case study approach that allows the author to really deepen an understanding of the relationship between the two variables in Hungary. Apart from being narrowly focused on regression or econometric approaches, previous studies on the same or similar topic in Hungary excluded a broad range of financial development variables. The current study departs from these previous studies as it used a case study approach and taken into account a broad range of financial development variables. From the trend analysis done in section 3, it appears that the relationship between financial development and growth in Hungary during the period under study is not clear. A definite and clear cut conclusion could not be reached about the relationship between the two variables in Hungary hence the use of econometric data analysis approaches in conjuction with the case study approach is recommended.

Herodotus

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Irene Hau
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Moral Lesson ◽  
Human Actors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Repeating Patterns

This chapter analyses the moralising techniques and moral lessons of Herodotus. Using the moralising techniques found and analysed in Polybius and Diodorus as its point of departure, it discovers that Herodotus uses a root version of many of the techniques found in more developed form in the two Hellenistic historiographers, but that he also moralises on the macro-plane by means of a structure of subtly repeating patterns. In terms of moral lessons, the chapter concludes that Herodotus is more interested in the relationship between human beings and superhuman forces than in relationships between human beings, and that the justice exercised by his superhuman forces is not always obvious to his human actors. His over-all moral lesson is one of caution and moderation, and it is less clear-cut than the moral messages of his Hellenistic successors.

scholarly journals The Lyotropic Analog of the Polar SmC* Phase

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruckner ◽  
Giesselmann
Keyword(s):  
Orientational Order ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Lyotropic Liquid Crystal ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Smectic C ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Scientific Context ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Relationship

Only six years ago, the first clear-cut example of a ferroelectric, lyotropic liquid crystal was discovered. Since then, ongoing investigations in this new research field provided numerous instances of the missing pieces to complete the formerly blank picture of the lyotropic smectic C* (SmC*) phase. In this review we wanted to combine these new results and put them into a wider historical and scientific context. We start by giving an introduction about characteristic features of the well-known thermotropic SmC* phase and why it is so difficult to find a lyotropic equivalent of this fascinating phase. After discussing early examples of achiral lyotropic and swollen SmC phases, we recap the discovery of the first lyotropic SmC* phase. The molecular features necessary for its formation and its properties are analyzed. We place special emphasis on discussing the long-range orientational order of the tilt direction and the corresponding chirality effects. By comparing these exceptional features with thermotropic and swollen SmC* phases, we aim to improve not only the understanding of the lyotropic SmC* phase, but also of the relationship between thermotropic and lyotropic systems in general.

Emergency, War and International Law – Another Perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 70 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Internal Armed Conflict ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Emergency Responses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Experience

AbstractThis article evaluates a spectrum of emergency responses by states. We are interested in exploring the variety of contexts in which states respond to internal and external crisis, and the manner in which international law contextualises and responds to the use of extreme measures by states. While international lawyers have become attuned to the prerogatives of states in derogating from their international human rights treaty obligations, we contend that this constitutes only one aspect of state emergency responses. We explore the extent to which states resort to extra-ordinary measures in multiple ways. In particular, we explore the relationship between war and emergency, from a theoretical point of view. Both classic inter-state conflicts are examined, as are the multiple situations of internal armed conflict, that frequently escape precise legal definition under international law. We take the view that international law has taken a limited and unrepresentative view of the scope and breadth of the emergency phenomena in state practice. From this general position some general observations follow. First, we identify the tendency of legal scholars to assert that clear dichotomies exist between normal and extreme conditions, when such clear-cut distinctions are not present. From this, we argue that `war' and `emergency', are not unique and entirely distinct phenomena. In short, we submit that emergency and its associated practices is a far more wide-spread and pervasive aspect of state experience and action than has generally been accepted by legal scholars and political thinkers. The consequence of this rethinking is a need to redefine the resort to the extraordinary in our perception of state behaviour and to modify our theoretical perspectives accordingly.

Disambiguating the Role of Paradigms in Mixed Methods Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Ghiara
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Mixed Methods Research ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Single Study ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ongoing Dialogue

In the mixed methods research (MMR) literature, the term paradigm is used in a number of ways to support very different accounts. This article aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue about the relationship between MMR and paradigms by analyzing two main claims discussed in the literature: (a) MMR is a new paradigm and (b) MMR mixes different paradigms. Focusing on the notion of paradigms used to support each claim, it clarifies why MMR can be considered a new paradigm and discusses conditions under which it is possible to mix two or more paradigms within a single study. This clarification promotes a more clear-cut use of concepts such as paradigms and worldviews in the literature.

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