4. On the Action of Heat on some Salts of Trimethyl-Sulphine. Part II

In the former paper on this subject, the authors stated that when hyposulphite (thiosulphate) of trimethyl-sulphine is heated to about 135° C., it loses sulphide of methyl to the extent of 23·58 per cent., the salt at the same time fusing to a clear colourless liquid. On cooling, this solidifies to a hard, very hygroscopic crystalline mass.

Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London ◽

On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat

10.1098/rspl.1815.0267 ◽

1833 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 248-249

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Specific Gravity ◽

Solid Body ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Transparent Liquid ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

New Compounds ◽

Oil Gas ◽

The experiments of which the results are detailed in this paper, were made principally on the fluid which is found to be deposited in considerable quantity when oil-gas is compressed. This fluid, as obtained at the works of the Portable Oil-gas Company, is colourless, of a specific gravity less than that of water; insoluble in water except in very minute quantities; soluble in alcohol, ether, oils, &c.; and combustible, burning with a dense flame. It is strikingly distinguished from the oil from which it originated, by not being acted upon to any extent by solutions of the alkalies. Part of this fluid is very volatile, causing the appearance of ebullition at temperatures of 50° or 60°; other parts are more fixed, requiring even 250°, or above, for ebullition. By repeated distillations a series of products were obtained from the most to the least volatile, the most abundant being such as occurred from 170° to 200°. On subjecting these, after numerous rectifications, to a low temperature, it was found that some of them concreted into a crystalline mass, and ultimately a substance was obtained from them, principally by pressure at low temperatures, which upon examination proved to be a new compound of carbon and hydrogen. At common temperatures it appears as a colourless transparent liquid, of specific gravity 0·85, at 60°; having the general odour of oil-gas. Below 42° it is a solid body, forming dendritical transparent crystals, and contracting much during its congelation. At 0° it appears as a white or transparent substance, brittle, pulverulent, and of the hardness nearly of loaf-sugar. It evaporates entirely in the air: when raised to 186° it boils, furnishing a vapour, which has a specific gravity of 40, compared to hydrogen as 1. At a higher temperature the vapour is decomposed, depositing carbon. The substance is combustible, liberating charcoal if oxygen be not abundantly present. Potassium exerts no action upon it below 186°.

Derivatives of cis-NPCl2 (NSOCl)2 and (NPCl2)2NSOCl, IVIsothiocyanato Derivatives of cis-NPCl2(NSOF)2

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B ◽

10.1515/znb-1976-0806 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 31 (8) ◽

pp. 1035-1038 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

E. Klei ◽

J. C. van de Grampel

Keyword(s):

Crystalline Solid ◽

Derivatives Of ◽

The compounds NPClNCS(NSOF)2 and NP(NCS)2(NSOF)2 are prepared by reaction of cis-NPCl2(NSOF)2 with KSCN. The mono(isothiocyanato) derivative obtained is a colourless liquid, consisting of two isomers in a ratio of 1:3.8; the bis(isothiocyanato) compound is a white crystalline solid.

VII. On the Influence of the Air in determining the Crystallization of Saline Solutions

Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s0080456800021864 ◽

1828 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 114-118

Author(s):

Thomas Graham

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Pressure ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Saturated Solution ◽

Satisfactory Explanation ◽

Adequate Explanation ◽

Great Excess ◽

The Subject ◽

Saline Solutions ◽

The phenomenon referred to has long been known, and popularly exhibited in the case of Glauber's salt, without any adequate explanation. A phial or flask is filled with a boiling saturated solution of sulphate of soda or Glauber's salt, and its mouth immediately stopped by a cork, or a piece of bladder is tied tightly over it, while still hot. The solution, thus protected from the atmosphere, generally cools without crystallizing, although it contains a great excess of salt, and continues entirely liquid for hours and even days. But upon withdrawing the stopper, or puncturing the bladder, and admitting air to the solution, it is immediately resolved into a spongy crystalline mass, with the evolution of much heat. The crystallization was attributed to the pressure of the atmosphere suddenly admitted, till it was shewn that the same phenomenon occurred, when air was admitted to a solution already subject to the atmospheric pressure. Recourse was likewise had to the supposed agency of solid particles floating in the air, and brought by means of it into contact with the solution; or it was supposed that the contact of gaseous molecules themselves might determine crystallization, as well as solid particles. But although the phenomenon has been the subject of much speculation among chemists, it is generally allowed that no satisfactory explanation of it has yet been proposed.

Propan-2-ol. Determining in workplace air with gas chromatography

Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.1086 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1(103)) ◽

pp. 127-139

Author(s):

Anna Jeżewska ◽

Agnieszka Woźnica

Keyword(s):

Occupational Safety ◽

Carbon Disulphide ◽

Measurement Range ◽

Good Precision ◽

Limit Of Quantification ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Safety And Health ◽

Air Sample ◽

Colourless Liquid ◽

Characteristic Odour

Propan-2-ol is an easily volatile, colourless liquid with a pungent characteristic odour. In industry it is used as a solvent and a dewatering, cleaning and disinfecting agent. Propan-2-ol has an irritating and narcotic effect. It may cause drowsiness or dizziness. The aim of the study was to amend the PN-Z-04224-02:1992 standard in accordance with the requirements of European standard PN-EN 482. The method was developed in the range of concentrations from 1/10 to 2 of the MAC value. The tests were performed using a gas chromatograph (GC) with a flame ionization detector (FID) equipped with a capillary column HP-INNOWAX (60 m × 0.25 × mm, 0.15 µm). The method is based on adsorption of propan-2-ol vapours on activated carbon, desorption with a mixture of carbon disulphide and N,N-dimethylformamide and chromatographic analysis of the obtained solution. Using an HP-INNOWAX column for the analysis makes it possible to selectively determine propan-2-ol in the presence of carbon disulphide, N,N-dimethylformamide. The measurement range is 90/1 800 mg/m3 for a 9-L air sample. The detection limit of this method is 0.09 µg/ml and the limit of quantification is 0.28 µg/ml. The method is characterized by good precision and accuracy and meets the criteria listed in EN 482 for procedures for measuring chemical agents. The method may be used for assessing occupational exposure to propan-2-ol and the associated risk to workers’ health. The developed method of determining propan-2-ol has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

II. Notes of researches on the poly-ammonias.—No. II. Action of chloroform upon aniline

10.1098/rspl.1857.0053 ◽

1859 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 229-231

Keyword(s):

Royal Society ◽

Boiling Water ◽

Considerable Time ◽

Crystalline Base ◽

The Common ◽

In a former Note addressed to the Royal Society (Proceedings, vol. ix. p. 150), I have alluded to some [new alkaloids which are produced by the action of the bromides of triatomic alcohols upon the primary amidogen bases. I have since examined more minutely one of these bodies. At the common temperature, chloroform and aniline may be left in contact for a considerable time without any change becoming perceptible. Even at the temperature of boiling water scarcely any reaction takes place. But on exposing for ten or twelve hours a mixture of about equal volumes of chloroform and aniline in sealed tubes to a temperature of 180° or 190° C., a hard brown crystalline mass is obtained, which consists chiefly of the hydrochlorates of aniline and of a new crystalline base.

I. Contributions to the history of the opium alkaloids.— Part V

10.1098/rspl.1871.0054 ◽

1872 ◽

Vol 20 (130-138) ◽

pp. 277-289

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Hydrochloric Acid ◽

Glacial Acetic Acid ◽

Ethereal Extract ◽

Large Excess ◽

Opium Alkaloids ◽

Slight Excess ◽

Secondary Reactions ◽

History Of ◽

In Part IV . of these researches reasons have been adduced for the following general conclusions, viz. that codeia and morphia are capable of forming polymerides (with the elimination of methyl in the case of codeia is some instances), which yield derivatives containing certainly not less than C 68 , and probably not less than C 130 (C 72 and C 144 in the case of those codeia derivatives where methyl has not been eliminated). Experiments now in progress tend to show that the formulae of codeia and morphia are really double of those formerly ascribed to these bases i, e . are C 30 H 42 N 2 O 6 and C 30 H 42 N 2 O 6 respectively, the proof of which is (as will be shown in a subsequent communication) that the first products of the action of hydrochloric acid on these bases appear to ‘contain chlorine and carbon in the proportions C 36 and Cl, C 34 and Cl respectively, instead of C 18 and Cl, C 17 and Cl. It might be anticipated, therefore, that intermediate polymerides might be form ed containing respectively :— Morphia series. Monomorphia.. C 34 H 38 N 206 Dimorphia . . . . C 68 H 70 N 4 O 12 Trimorphia.. . . C 102 H 104 N 6 O 18 Tetramorphia.. C 136 H 152 N 8 O 24 Codeia series. C 36 H 42 N 2 O 6 . . . Monocodeia. C 72 H 84 N 4 O 12 . . Dicodeia. C 108 H 126 N 6 O 6 . . Tricodeia. C 144 H 168 N 8 O 24 . . Tetracodeia. In the case of codeia these anticipations have been verified. In order to obtain these supposed polymerides before their alteration by secondary reactions, the action of acids other than a hydro acids was examined. Acetic acid seemed a probable agent for purpose ; but no appreciable quantity of any thing different from in codeia was obtained after sixty-four hours’ digestion a t 100° of one part this base with three parts of glacial acetic acid. On precipitation of product by Na 2 CO 3 in large excess, extraction with ether, and agitation of the ethereal extract with HCl, a crystalline mass was obtained while developed a smell of acetic acid on standing in contact with a slight excess of HCl ; but on analysis this gave numbers agreeing with those required codeia hydrochlorate, and from it nothing different from codeia could't obtained ; probably therefore only a trace of acetyl-codeia was formed.

The Koroni (Messinia) earthquake of October 6, 1947*

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America ◽

10.1785/bssa0390010033 ◽

1949 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 33-39

Author(s):

A. G. Galanopoulos

Keyword(s):

Critical Discussion ◽

The West ◽

Seismic Effects ◽

Macroseismic Effects ◽

Of Greece ◽

Tectonic Origin ◽

Crystalline Mass ◽

Conducting Line

Abstract Brief report of the macroseismic effects. Comparison of the distribution of the seismic effects with the strongly shaken area of the previous widespread earthquake of August 27, 1886. Critical discussion of the perceptibly shaken area, with the resulting suggestion that the depth of the focus may have been between 28 and 42 kilometers, greater than that of most destructive earthquakes of Greece. There is emphasized the lack of conductibility in the crystalline mass of Cyclades and, conversely, the activity of the Ionian-Cretan conducting line. The perfect coincidence of the locus of origin with the west trench fault of the Gulf of Messinia is taken as suggesting a tectonic origin.

IV. On β-lutidine

10.1098/rspl.1881.0088 ◽

1882 ◽

Vol 33 (216-219) ◽

pp. 159-164

Keyword(s):

Boiling Point ◽

Chemical Society ◽

The Mean ◽

In the “Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Paris” for June 5, 1880 there appears a notice of a paper read before the Russian Chemical Society, by MM. Boutlerow and Wischnegradsky, m which they state, amono- other things, that by the action of alkalies on cinchonine they had obtained quinoline (chinoline) almost pure, and a volatile colourless liquid alkaloid boiling constantly at 166°, having the formula C 7 H 9 N ; and which they say appears to be identical with the base obtained by me in distilling cinchonine with potash, and also with the lutidine of Anderson. Of the identity of the base obtained by them with β-lutidine there can be no doubt; the boiling point (166°) given by them being to half a degree the mean of the range (163° to 168°) given by me in my “ Researches on Isomeric Alkaloids.”* With regard to the identity which they assume between lutidine and β-lutidine, it is evident that they have not seen my paper last quoted, or they would hardly have ignored the mass of facts which I have adduced to prove the isomerism, and not identity of the two bases.

Leidenfrost evaporation of a single droplet of gasoline blends of ethanol

EPJ Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/epjconf/201921302062 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 213 ◽

pp. 02062

Author(s):

Tadeusz Orzechowski

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Liquid Mixture ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

International Energy Agency ◽

Diesel Oil ◽

Energy Agency ◽

Total Composition ◽

Loss Of Mass ◽

Main Components ◽

The increase in energy consumption is observed since the middle of the 20th century. At the same time, the International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts a 50% increase in energy consumption by 2030. One of the ways to reduce the consumption of such fuels are small additions received from natural gas and renewable energy sources. Mixtures of alcohols with gasoline and diesel oil are produced. Their small additions allow for a certain share of energy from renewable sources without a noticeable change in the combustion characteristics of such fuels. The paper presents the studies on the evaporation of drops of gasoline with a total composition CnHn+2, where n = 5 to 7. Its components are distillation products of crude oil with a low flash point. It is a colourless liquid mixture which main components are: n-heptane, neohexane and cyclopentane. The evaporation characteristics of such a drop with the addition of ethanol are also given. The result of the conducted research is the loss of mass during the drop carried above the surface with temperature above the Leidefrost point.

III. On fluoride of silver.—Part III

10.1098/rspl.1871.0018 ◽

1872 ◽

Vol 20 (130-138) ◽

pp. 70-72

Keyword(s):

Double Salt ◽

In this communication the author has finally shown that the action of iodine, under the influence of heat (including the process described by Kammerer, Phil. Mag. 1863, vol. xxv. p. 213, for the isolation of fluorine), does not liberate uncombined fluorine, but produces fluoride of iodine and iodide of silver, a double salt, composed of iodide of silver and fluoride of platinum, being produced at the same time by corrosion of the platinum vessels, if the temperature approaches a red heat. The fluoride of iodine produced is a highly volatile and colourless liquid, does not corrode mercury or red-hot platinum, corrodes glass at 60° Fahr., and crystals of silicon at a red heat, also platinum in contact with argentic fluoride in a state of fusion ; it instantly turns a deal splint black, fumes powerfully in the air, and is decomposed with violence by water into hydrofluoric and iodic acids, in accordance with the following equation:— IF 5 +3H 2 O = 5 HF+HIO 3 . It dissolves iodine, and is absorbed by that substance ; it is also absorbed either by argentic fluoride or iodide when those substances are cooled in its vapour, and may be expelled from them at a red heat. Its vapour quickly darkens the colour of a deal splint, and very gradually turns paraffin brown.